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Learning Process, by Balqis Badrina (G2.19) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Occurs when something we’ve learned previously aids us in learning at a later time.
      - Negative learning
        
        Takes place when something we’ve learned interferes with our learning at a later time.
- - - - Through the perceptual process, we gain information about properties and elements of environmental stimuli and actions which are critical to our survival.
        
        Creates our experience of the world around us and allows us to act within our environment
    - - Gestalt introduces the Law of Pragnanz which means the law of good figure/simplicity,
        
        He also lays out some of the principles of perceptions:
        i) Law of Proximity
        ii) Law of Continuity
        iii) Law of Closure
        iv) Law of Common Region
    - - Selective Perception
      - Continuation Perception
      - Personal Perception
      - Changed perception
  - - - experience life of someone will help him/her in making the right conceptualization.
    - - the mental ability for someone to imagine things even though the things are not existed in front of them atm.
    - - The mental ability of someone to relate and use the relation in problem-solving tasks.
    - - there can be some words that are confusing or homonyms. So with the language mastery, it can helps in avoiding and understanding the use of language in certain context.
    - - Inductive/deductive reasoning needs many examples (positive/negative) so they can comprehend the topic even better.
  - - - Varieties of stimuli: visual, audio, kinesthetic
        
        Observation exercise
        
        4.Knowledge transfer
- - - - For example, When we take in information — a lecture— neurotransmitters in the brain are working to filter and store the information in memory.
        
        Types of Memory
        
        Sensory Memory
        
        Involve the stimuli that receives through the sense.
        
        The most memory but the retention is very short. Last for five seconds before it moves as the short-term memory.
        
        Can be divided into three which is see, hear and touch.
        
        Short-Term Memory
        
        Also known as conscious mind or working memory
        
        The information that we receive, use quickly, then discard.
        
        For example, a phone number, a person’s name, or what you’re going to buy from the market are stored in your short-term working memory for just as long as it takes you to use it.
        
        Long-Term Memory
        
        Anything that happened more than a few minutes ago would be stored in long-term memory. Depending on how often we recall or use a certain piece of information, the strength of the memory varies.
        
        Can be divided into two:
        
        Explicit Memory
        
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        Implicit Memory
        
        2 more items...
  - - - Failure of Encoding
      - Failure to recall memory
      - Memory Traces
      - Distraction
        
        Proactive distraction
        
        Retroactive distraction
    - - Memory trace theory
        
        All of the memory will be automatically disappeared because of the time factor.
      - Distraction theory
        
        Two types of distractions which are proactive and retroactive.
        
        Proactive distraction. The existing information prevents the receiving or formation of the new information.
        
        Retroactive distraction. The new information learned disrupt or prevent the process of recalling the existing information in the memory.
      - Signal dependence theory
        
        Involving the emotion.
        
        There are factors that affecting this to happen such as the environment and emotion.
- - - - Meanwhile, Learning Readiness can be defined as the ability to be fully prepared to learn and accomodate in accepting new experience/knowledge, either physical or cognitive skills.
  - - - It can be defined as the mental preparation (including skills, knowledge, abilities, motivations, and personal dispositions) an individual needs to establish and sustain competent performance in the complex and unpredictable environment.
        
        Jean Piaget explains the 4 stages on the cognitive development.
        i)Sensorimotor stage (0-2years old). Using their senses to interact with the world.
        ii)Pre-operational stage. (2-6 years old). thinking is based on intuition and still not completely logical and cannot yet grasp more complex concepts
        iii) Concrete Operational stage (7-12 years old). Shows logical, concrete reasoning.
        iv)Formal Operational stage (!2 years and plus). Able to use symbols related to abstract concepts, such as algebra and science
    - - Refers to the physical of ability, movement and mastery of skills requiring physical action.
        
        For example, writing skills, drawing skills, and shooting skills.
        
        To master the soft skills, many specifics exercises are required. E.L. Thorndike says that repetition and various types of exercises are essential to strengthen the mastery of skills/knowledge.
    - - Refers to the attitude, motivation, inquiries, perseverance, feelings, interest and value of someone in carrying out learning activities.
        
        The higher the intrinsic motivation, the higher the affective readiness.