Learning Process
Learning readiness
Perception and Conceptualization
Remembering and Forgetting
Transfer of Learning
Ability to use existing experience, knowledge or skills in memory to be applied in the learning process or a new related situation
Types of Transfer of Learning
Positive Transfer
Negative Transfer
Horizontal Transfer
Vertical Transfer
Bilateral Transfer
Mediated Transfer
Learning set Transfer
Individual is able to perform a new task about the same level.
For example, solving word problems given in textbooks and later the same given on the board.
Individual is able to learn more advanced or complex skills.
For example, a simple omelette recipe can be change into more advanced recipe such as making nasi goreng pattaya.
Known as cross education. Individual is able to transfer performance of skill from one limb to another limb.
For example, the use of left hand helps right hand training.
After mastering a fixed response to a stimulus, it acts as mediation to form a new response to a relatively similar stimulus.
For example, learning phonology act as mediation to learn pronunciation of words.
A learning technique derived from the synthesis of
repeated learning experiences.
For example, learning techniques (memorising) to memorize multiplication table is used to memorise doa'.
Proactive interference
Previous learning obstruct present learning. For example, the memory of your old phone number interferes with your ability to recall your new number.
Retroactive interference
Present learning obstruct previous learning. For example, students are often more likely to recall information that they learn shortly before an exam than the material they learned earlier in the term.
Neutral Transfer
When learning of one activity neither facilitates nor hinders the learning of another task, it is a case of neutral transfer. It is also called as zero transfer.
For example, knowledge of history in no way affects learning of driving a car or a scooter.
Individual’s inner state readiness and ability to learn new knowledge, skills and competencies.
Law of readiness
Thorndike
Bruner
Piaget
Three types of individual readiness: satisfaction, disappointed and sad
Things that can be delivered
effectively at any stage of the development
Learning readiness based on cognitive development. Jean Piaget 4 stages of cognitive development theory.
Types of readiness
Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor
Mental readiness for activities such as thinking, reasoning, analysing and evaluating.
Attitude, awareness, determination, motivation, resilience, feelings and interest to accomplish learning activities. Affective readiness can also be associated with intrinsic motivation.
Potential & physical maturity that involve muscles, bones & co-ordination of the body. Rule of thumb.
Factors influencing learning readiness
Maturity
Attitude and Interest
Inner motivation
Basic skills and experience
Attention
Perception
Conceptualization
Perception is a process in which the brain receives information from the senses, reorganize the information and give meaning to it. Normally, the information received is based on relevant experience.
Gestalt theory
Law of Pragnanz
Two important aspects of human perception: Figure (the white part) and Ground (the black part)
12 Principles
Proximity
Similarity
Closure
Continuity
Completion
Configuration
Figure and ground
Symmetry
Highlighting
Simplicity
Expectation
Experience
It is the action or process of forming a concept or idea of something. For example, animals are classified by specific characteristics such as type of animal that is divided into mammals, reptiles and amphibians.
Factors that influencing formation of conceptualization
Experience
Imagination
Intelligent
Language proficiency
Examples
Remembering
Forgetting
Process of remembering
Encoding. Getting the information by listening or reading.
Storage. Information received is being organised and stored. Only useful information and meaningful information will be stored.
Retrieval. All information will be stored in the brain and can be retrieved when needed.
Memory
Sensory (few seconds)
Short term (15-30 seconds)
Long term (Minutes-years)
Semantic. Human with surrounding (grass).
Episodic. Related past (birthday)
Procedural. Daily practice (car)
Premiere. Daily practice (full name)
Factors affecting memory
Learning materials
Learning method
Personal (age,gender)
Factors affecting forgetting
Obsolete (Infrequent use)
Failure (Fail to recall)
Replacement (Old replace new)
Disturbance (Result of new learning)
Desperate (Painful event)
Anxiety and fear (When anxious)
Explosion of information (Too much)