Ch.16 Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism & Development
Concepts
Storing Genetic Information
Protein Synthesis
Analysis of Genes & Recombinant DNA Techniques
plants
cells
metabolism
enzymes
microtubules
proteins
respiration
amino acid synthesis
shape
genes
difference
mitosis
identical
enzymes
pigments
petal cells
not
roots
wood
bark
synthesize
sclerenchyma
enzymes
producing
lignifying
secondary walls
inactive
pathways
parenchyma
differential activation of genes
coding
synthesizing
turn on
unique
proper
structure
proteins
correct
DNA
linear
unbranched
polymer
deoxynucleotide
A, T, G, C
monomers
gene
codes
protein
amino acid sequence
plant growth
environment
protoplasm
morphogenesis
cues
moisture
germination
flowering
gravity
survival
chemical messengers
nucleus
genes
location
DNA sequence analysis
recombinant DNA techniques
genetic engineering
understanding
stimulus
perception
change
features
resistance
nutrition
Protecting the Genes
DNA
Messenger RNA
information
DNA
exposed
enzymes
substrates
activators
control factors
site
protein synthesis
damage
replaceable
copies
DNA
enclosed
nucleus
nuclear envelope
cytosol
interphase
enzymes
plastids
mitochondria
protection
DNA
less than 40
50-100 genes
histones
DNA
inert
resisitant
proteins
nuclei
H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4
plants
animals
fungi
algae
protozoans
essential
aggregates
wrapped DNA
nucleosome
tightly coiled
chromatin
dense
impenetrable
DNA
inert
DNases
DNA digesting enzymes
not
plastids
mitochondria
prokaryotes
genetic code
codons
triplets
64
nucleotides
mRNA
stop codons
UAA
signal
UGA
UAG
stopping
protein synthesis
start codon
AUG
signal
start
protein synthesis
universal
one exception
degenerate
protects
multiple codons
amino acids
evolution
one ancestor
Structure of Genes
structural region
codes
amino acid sequence
promoter #
region
regulates
mRNA
synthesis
"upstream"
5' side
varies
length
hundreds
nucleotides
TATA box
short
6-8 base pairs
A & T
damaged
mutation
experimental
treatment
doesn't bind
RNA ploymerase II
enhancer elements
"upstream"
several hundred base pairs
eukaryotic
promoter region
binds
chemical messengers
exons
expressed codons
introns
not expressed
intervene
between
exons
plants
2 or 3
Transcription
DNA
creates RNA
two strands
seperate
short distance
free nucelotides
diffuse
rapid
30 nucleotides/sec
pair
DNA strands
RNA polymerase
binds
synthesizes
RNA molecule
wrap
double helix
acts
stop signal
DNA nucleotides
self complimentary
hairpin loop
hydrogen bonds
kink
transcribes
introns
exons
heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
modified
nuclear enzymes
recongnized
cut out
degraded
free ribonucloetides
spliced
RNA molecule
codes
amino acids
alternative splicing
introns
removed
exons
spliced
together
removed
surprise
gene
code
two or more
enzymes
means
gene
produces
2 or more
mRNA
with exons
shorter
missing
exons
translated
normal
properties
similar
different
proteins
longer
not rare
carefully controlled
ribosomes
bind
mRNA
read
codons
catalyze
polymerization
amino acids
order
gene specified
transcription
construct
proteins
two subunits
small
large
composed of
proteins
RNA
one
rRNA
three types
rRNA
eukaryotic
greater than 80
eukaryotes
cytoplasm
large
dense
80s
prokaryotes
plastids
mitochondria
smaller
lighter
705
tightly grouped
one promoter
transcription
nucleolus
produces
RNA
long
cut
three pieces
needed
cells
genes
rRNA
dilpoid
amplified
rRNA
tRNA
necessary
amino acid
interaction
codon
inadequate
anticodon
three-nucleotide
sequence
amino acid attatchment site
3' end
CCA
amino acid activation
precise
enzyme
reconginizes
tRNA
amino acid
attatchment
bases
A,U,G,C
mRNA translation
initiation
elongation
termination
ribosome
synthesizes
protein
codon AUG
eukaryotic iniation factors
methonine
binds
proteins
subunits
carried
two types
tRNA
properties
differ
initiator tRNA
binds
small
subunit
before mRNA
small
complex
bind
mRNA
large subunit
finds
start codon
AUG
positions
subunit
GMOs
plants
resist
herbacide
glyphosphate #
inhibits
enzymes
lethal
no pollution
evolution
frameshift error
nucleotides
read
wrongly
p channel
a channel
protein
amino acid
ribosomes
mRNA
A channel
codon
tRNA
P channel
protein chain
surrounds
two amino acids
attatches
amino acid
forming
protein
3 amino acids
process
ends
reaching
stop codon
stop codon
release factor
stimulates
large subunit
enzymes
initiates
reaction
normal
Control of Protein Levels
transcription factor
control
gene activity
proteins
bind
promoter
enhancer
activate
genes
trans-acting factors
bind
DNA
from
somewhere else
cis-acting factors
promoters
enhancers
TATA boxes
micro-RNAS
expression
genes
recognizable
-RNA
recognize
DNA
bind
hnRNA
mRNA
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
seperation
using
heat
DNA denaturation
DNA melting
reformation
cooling
reannealing
DNA hybridization
used
DNA
relatedness
copies
genes #
nucleus
slow process
Restriction Endonucleases
bacterial
enzymes
recognizes
binds
nucleotides
cleaves
DNA
palindrome
read
forward
and
backwards
cuts
unaligned
DNA Ligase
sequence
recognized
restriction
endonuclease
repair
enzyme
DNA
prepared
recombinant DNA
Identifying DNA Fragments
evolutionary studies
restriction map
10-20 fragments
seperated
gel electrophoresis
plastid DNA
stained
number
reveals
Psti sites
base pairs
restriction fragment length polymorphism
differing
fragment profiles
2 species
no relation
mutation
extra base pairs
quick
inexpensive
easy
physiological studies
convenient
plant studies
large
protein
quantity
mRNA
mixed
reversed transcriptase
virus
enzyme
synthesizes
DNA
RNA
template
complementary DNA
complementary
exons
gene
synthesized
using
floursecent nucleotides
expression profiling
cDNAs
gene expression
examines
development
compares
DNA microarray
orderly matrix
species
slides
microscope
DNA Cloning
Fragments
DNA
bacteria
plasmid
short
circular
DNA
in bacteria
acts
chromosome
engineered
genetically
vectors
ideal
fragment
DNA
carriers
yeast artificial chromosomes
contains
essential
yeast
chromosome
parts
Polymerase Chain Reaction
enzymes
amplified
heated
helix
seperation
2x
copies
sequence
DNA polymerase
primer DNA
cloned
rapidly
cDNA
made
mRNA
few
cells
DNA sequencing
chain termination method
DNA
cloned
seperated
4x
pyrosequencing method
DNA
enzymes
replications
open-reading frame
region
gene-like
features
databases
sequencing entire genomes
organelles
extracted
DNA
isolated
cloned
divided
batches
differing
endonucleases
1
no order
3
2
matches
verifications
Genetic Engineering of Plants
new
genes
inserted
ti-plasmid
agrobacterium tumefasciens
added
genes
antibiotic resisitance
CRISPR-Cas9
tool
editing
DNA
binds
specific
sites
cleaves
design
synthesize
inserts
new
DNA
new
exciting
Cross-Link Connection: Using a gene from fireflies, once inserted into a plant cell the cell was induced to grow a full plant. This gene apparently had a promoter that is normally activated in every cell, we know this because all the cells are glowing. Using genetic engineering and connecting different promoters we can study when and where each promoter is usually active.
Cross-Link Connection: Because all body cells are produced by mitosis they all have the same genes. Certain metabolism genes are active in all cells but don't become active until differentiation
Cross-Link Connections: Because of the use of glyphosphate as a pesticide plants have created a resistance. A small number of plants have started transporting glyphosphate through their leaf tips which leaves them unharmed. Because of the evolution these plants will be more adapted to their environment and out live the susceptible plants.