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Chapter 16: Genes and the genetic Basic of Metabolism and Development, : -…
Chapter 16: Genes and the genetic Basic of Metabolism and Development
Storing genetic information
Structure of gene
Structural region
Code for amino acid sequence
Promoter
regulate the synthesis of mRNA
Exons
CODON are expressed
introns
NOT expressed
Transcription
Process of creating RNA from DNA
RNA polymerase
Genetic code
20 type of Amino acid
4 Nucleotides
Codon
STOP codon: UAA,UAG and UGA
START CODON: AUG
Alternative Splicing
Rearranging the pattern of intron and exon
Protecting the gene
DNA produce mRNA to carry genetic information
DNA is stored in nucleus
Histone protein holds nuclear DNA
Protein Synthesis
tRNA
Anticodon: Complementry to and hydrogen bonds to CODON
Amino acid attachment site: at 3'
Amino acid activation: enzyme recognizes each tRNA and attaches the correct amino acid .
mRNA translation
Initation of translation
begining of protein synthesis
Eukaryotic initation factors: protein bind to the subunit
frameshift error: reading nucleotides in the wrong sets of three
elongation of protein chain
P channel for protein
A channel for amino acid
termination of translation
Stop CODON is pulled into the A channel
release factor
small sub unit dissociates from large subunits and tRNA is released
Ribosome
Read genetic massage in mRNA
Construct protein guided by the information
Small subunit: 1 molecule of rRNA
Large subunit: 1 molecule of each 3 types of rRNA
80S ribosome: Large
70s ribosome : small
Analysis of Genes and Recombinant DNA technique
DNA cloning
Placing DNA fragments into bacteria
Polymerase Chain Reaction: Powerful technique for DNA cloning
Identifying DNA fragments
Electrophoresis
restriction map
Number of fragments= number of PstI sites and base pair
DNA sequencing
Chain termination method
Pyrosequencing method
Restriction endonucleas
recognize a specific DNA sequence , called a restriction site, and cleave the DNA within
Sequencing entire genomes
Organelles are extracted and DNA is isolated
Nucleic acid hybridization
to break the hydrogen bond between the complementary bases.
DNA melting
DNA denaturation
Genetic Engineering of Plants
Recombinant DNA technique
CRISPR-Cas9: new tools for precisely editing DNA
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