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Carbohhydrate, Lipids - Coggle Diagram
Carbohhydrate
- Cellulose molecules
- main composition of cell wall in plant is cellulose
- Monomers are linked in a different orientation
- Arranged parallel and cellulose molecules are joined by hydrogen bonds , forming cable-like microfibrils (strong structure)
- made up of beta glucose
- Starch
- made up of alpha glucose ,they will join together become coil into helical shape
- Advantage of coiling : can be comparted that more molecule can be stored
- can be branched (Amylose) or unbranched (Amylopetin)
- Glycogen
- Highyly branched
- Stored as granules in liver and muscle cells
- made up of alpha glucose
Polysaccharides
- Macromolecules
- Polymers composed of thousands of monosaccarides
- May function as :
- Storage molecule - to be use as energy for cellular work
- Structural compound -to give support to monosaccharides
Storage molecules :
- Starch
- Composed of glucose monomers
- Used by plants fro energy storage
- Glycogen
- Used by animals or human for energy storage
Structural compound :
- Cellulose
- polymer of glucose
- forms plantt cell wall
- Chitin
- used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton
monosaccharides
- carbon skeleton vary in length
- main fuels fro cellular work
- use as raw materials to manufacture other organic molecules
- Exp : Glucose , Fructose
- Same functtional group : Carbonyl group
- Different location of carbonyl group with different properties
- Fructose taste more sweeter than glucose
Lipids
Fats
Saturated fat :
- maximum number of hydrogen atoms
- Exp : animal fats
- Hydrogenated vegetable oils are saturated fats
- By adding hydrogen ( hydrogenation ), from unsaturated fat to saturated
- Exp : margarine
- side effects : create trans fats associated with health risks
- Large lipid made from 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acid
- A fatty acid link to glycerol through dehydration reaction
- Another name of fats called as triglycerides
Fatty acids that contain double bond , forming unsaturated fats
- not fully saturated with hydrogen atom
- cause kinks or bend in carbon atom
- prevent from packing together tightly and solidifying at room temperature
- Exist as liquid
- Example : corn & olive oils
-
Phospholipids
- Structurally similar to fats
- Contain 2 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol
- major component of all cells
- 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group(charge functiontional group to interact with water) are attached to glycerol
- 2 fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head
- Phospholipids cluster into a bilayer(2 layer)of phospholipids to form cell
Steroids
- Contain 4 fused rings
- Common exp : Chlestrol
- comman companent in animal cell
- starting material fro making steroids including sex hormones
- Water insoluble (hydrophobic) compound
- long-term energy storage
- contain twice as much energy as a polysaccharide
- consist carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bond
3 types of lipids :
Fats , phospholipids , steroids