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Week 5: Chicago School - Coggle Diagram
Week 5: Chicago School
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The Chicago School
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Modelled after John Hopkin's University: the first true university that revolutionized education in U.S.
- devoted to conducting research and providing graduate education
- funded by a rich robber baron
Liberal Arts College vs. The Research University
- The 4 Research Universities became the alternative model to the hundreds of liberal arts colleges in 1890
Roots of LA college & Research
- Liberal Arts: University of Paris, Oxford University, Cambridge
- Research: University of Berlin, University of Gottingen
Chicago University founded in 1892 with William Rainey Harper
- Harper had a keen eye for academic talent, hired top scholars to teach
- Rockefeller funds the university's deficit
Chicago University was funded by Rockefeller and later, by his foundation
- managed by Frederick Gates
- represented the idea of hiring professionals to give away money too deserving causes.
- Rockefeller Foundation sponsored Lazarsfeld, Carl Hovland, Kurt Lewin, Wilbur Schramm
- supported research that produced books, monographs, articles -- Chicago school became extremely productive due to Rockefeller monies in social research by Laura Spelman
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Cooley, Dewey, Mead and Park
The Social Scholar Characteristics:
- ameliorative: interested in attacking social problems by understanding them more accurately.
- optimists and felt that social progress was needed
- linked in an intellectual personal network of influence and intersecting careers
- stressed subjectivism of human communication
- empirical but not quantitative until 1930s
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Cooley & Mead: interactionist social psychology
- attacked instincts as forming the basis for human personality
Charles Horton Cooley
- armchair sociologist that observed human behaviour from introspection.
Key Ideas:
- mass media of communication could restore a sense of community
- Primary Groups (parents, siblings, peers and teachers) are important in forming a person social nature--face-to-face, intimate
- Looking Glass self--human interaction reflects the immediate environment to the individual, serving as a mirror for the mind
- "I am what I think you think I am
Key Works
- Human Nature & the Social Order (1902) childhood personality socialization,
- Social Organization (1909) on society tied together by the mass media and the primary group
- Social Process (1918) about the role of communication in society
Influenced by:
- Herbert Spencer
- John Dewey
- August Comte
- Gabriel Tarde
- Darwin
- William James' nature of psychology and perspective of pragmatism where ideas can be tested with hypothesis
John Dewey
Key Ideas:
- individuals can find self-realization only in the company of others; community is essential to democracy
- communication was the means for getting people to be full participating members of society
- not recognized by most communication scholars--only an indirect ancestor to forefathers of comms study
Magnum Opus: Pragmatism
- Hegelian perspective: mind and nature have an essential unity. In studying nature, one is studying the underlying reality of nature.
- scientific experimentation could provide a practical basis for knowing the world
In Psychology
- drew on William Wundt's theory of gesture
- expanded psychology from individualistic to individual's social relationships
- Stimulus response (knee-jerk reflex) model was incomplete, too instinctive and oversimplifies the individual's interpretation of the stimulus
- transformed S-R model to Stimulus-Intepretation-Response Model with interaction derived from others
- rejected mind-body dualism sentiments in S-R model, external stimulant vs internal response
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