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Chapter 16 Genetics - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 16
Genetics
Concepts
Genetics
Science of inheritance.
Alleles
Different forms of genes.
Genotype
types of alleles that an individual poses.
Phenotype
Shape, size, or metabolism of alleles.
Lethal Allele
An allele that affects basic metabolic function such as respiration.
Polyploid
all plants with more than two sets of chromosomes.
Nondisjunction
a change in chromosome number per nucleus in plants.
Paralogs
Genes that are similar to those in the wild type allele. therefore being recognized as originating as duplicates.
Gene Family
can have upto 600 paralogs of the genes not just two for most traits.
Replication of DNA
Replicon
small "bubble" created when double helix is cut and the two strands separate.
Primer RNA
ribonucleotides act as substrate for DNA polymerase.
DNA Polymerase
DNA synthesising enzyme.
Semiconservative Replication
Each strand of DNA adds a complementary strand.
Replication Fork
forked appearance of DNA after it uncoils
Ligated
Two new molecules of DNA attached with covalent bonds.
Mutation
ANY change in DNA.
Deletion
mutation where DNA is lost.
Insertion
addition of extra DNA.
Insertion Sequences
few thousand base pairs that contain genes and code for enzymes involved in cutting the insertion sequence out and splicing into DNA elsewhere
Transposon
Like an insertion sequence except it can be much longer and carries genes that code for proteins not associated with transportation.
Inversion
Breaking//tangling of DNA causing it to repair backwards.
Point Mutation
where a single base is converted to another base.
Somatic Mutations
mutations that never occur in sex cells.
Mutagen
something that causes mutations.
Cross
sexual reproduction between two individuals.
Monohybrid Cross
single character is analyzed, whereas the inheritance of other traits is not considered.
F, or First Filial generation
offspring produced by the parents.
F2 Generation
generation produced by offspring.
Dominant
Heterozygote phenotype is like that of the parent with two effective alleles.
Recessive
Phenotype of the heterozygote is not like that of the parent with two effective alleles.
Multiple Alleles
Polymorphic genes containing multiple alleles.
Parental Generation
Parents of offspring.
Homozygous
Identical alleles for a gene.
Heterozygous
2 different alleles for a gene.
Selfing
When plants use their own pollen to fertilize their own eggs.
Incomplete Dominance
Neither parents trait dominates the other.
Punnett Square
shows all types of one gametes offspring possibilities.
Complete Dominance
Where the genotype of any plant is easy to determine from its phenotype.
Test Cross
where the genotype is revealed by crossing the involved in questioned and one that is homozygous recessive for the trait being studied.
Pure-Bred lines
where homozygous recessives are selfed and kept pure.
Independent Assortment
If two genes are separate chromosomes,the alleles of one gene move independently of the alleles of the other gene.
Dihybrid Cross
two genes are studied and analyzed simultaneously.
Linked genes
two genes occur close together on a chromosome, usually undergoing the same assortment.
Recombinant Chromosomes
formed from the crossing over of the homologous chromosomes and recombination of alleles.
Parental type chromosomes
the first crossing over and recombination of alleles.
Map Unit
recombination percentage of spaces in between
as many mutant alleles.
Multiple Genes
multiple single genes affect a single trait.
Epistasis
Having multiple genes for each trait.
Quantitative trait loci
DNA associated with traits.
Pleiotropic Effects
multiple Phenotype effects of one mutation.
Other Aspects of Inheritance.
Biparental inheritance
alleles of both parents are transmitted equally to the progeny.
Uniparental Inheritance
zygote obtains all its plastid and mitochondrion genomes from the maternal parent.
Pollen Parent
determine outcome of offspring.
Ovule Parent
produces all mutant plastids and achlorophyllous
Variegation
certain types of inheritance.
