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Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development - Coggle Diagram
Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development
Storing Genetic Information
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The Genetic Code:
almost perfectly universal; all organisms and genetic systems but only share one genetic code as shown in the photo attached
The Structure of Genes:
each gene must have a structure that allows controlling substances to recognize the gene, bind to it, and activate it at the proper time.
Genes are composed of a structural region that actually codes for the amino acid sequence, and a promoter, a controlling region involved in regulating the synthesis of mRNA from the structural region.
Protecting the Genes:
It is very important that the information in the be stored accurately for a long time. The storage needs to be safe to assure that the information produced by DNA is accurate and will not be harmful.
To keep the DNA from possibly being harmed by directly participate in protein synthesis,
mRNA
is produced to carry information from DNA to the site of proteins synthesis. If damaged, mRNAn can be replaced with more copies of itself.
Most DNA is stored in the nucleus, protected from the cytoplasm by the
nuclear envelope
.
Histone proteins
hold most nuclear DNA in an inert, resistant form.
Transcription of Genes:
after RNA polymerase binds and encounters the start signal, it begins actually creating RNA.
Protein Synthesis:
tRNA:
during protein synthesis, amino acids aer carried to ribosomes by these ribonucleic acids. tRNAs are necessary because a codon cannot interact directly with an amino acid; the genetic code can only be read by a ribonucleic acid that has a three-nucleotide sequence.
mRNA Translation:
the synthesis of a protein molecule by ribosomes under the guidance of mRNA.
Ribosomes:
small particles that "read" the genetic message in mRNA and construct proteins guided by that information. Each ribosome is composed of two subunits and each is made up of both proteins and
ribosomal RNA
.
Control of Protein Levels:
there are several points at which protein synthesis and activity theoretically could be controlled
nature of the promoter region
making a gene physically available for transcription
processing of hnRNA into mRNA
transport of mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm
binding of mRNA to the ribosome small subunit
processing of a protein
activation of inactivation of a protein
Analysis of Genes and Recombinant DNA Techniques
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Identifying DNA Fragments:
after the endonucleases have acted, the DNA fragments can be identified and used. Fragments are used directly to study the evolution of DNA
DNA Cloning:
the method of placing DNA fragments into bacteria, as just described, is an extremely useful technique of DNA cloning. The colony that contains the important fragment can be subcultured and grown easily, and each time a bacterium divides, a new copy of the experimental DNA fragment is made.
Restriction Endonucleases:
a class of bacterial enzymes that recognizes and binds to a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA and then cleaves the DNA. This helps us know exactly where the DNA will be cut by a particular restriction endonuclease.
DNA Sequencing:
various methods are currently used to sequence DNA such as: chain termination, pyrosequencing, and using an open reading frame.
Nucleic Acid Hybridization:
the reformation of double-stranded DNA by cooling a solution of single-stranded DNAs; reannealing
Sequencing Entire Genomes:
to sequence a plastid or mitochondrial genome, organelles are extracted from a cell so that their circles of DNA are isolated and cloned to be divided into several batches.
Genetic Engineering of Paths
Viruses
Formation of New Virus Particles:
a self assembly process where viral coat protein has a tertiary structure that causes it to bind to viral DNA. This binding then permits it to attract and adhere to more viral protein, and a new viral protein/DNA viral particle is quickly assembled.
Origin of Viruses:
most viruses are actually portions of genes of the host species or a species closely related to the host. As living organisms are damaged or die and decay, their nuclei break down along with the rest of the cell material.
Virus Metabolism:
viruses rely on damage to living cells such as through the action of aphids, chewing insects, or open wounds left by pruning or breaking.
Plant Diseases Caused by Viruses:
plants suffer from at least a thousand different virus-caused diseases. Few effective treatments exist for plants with viruses.
Virus Structure:
viruses are extremely small particles that usually contain only protein and nucleic acid. Plant viruses either have long or short rods or even round particles.
Retroviruses:
the greatest number of of viruses which contain single-stranded RNA.
Split Genome Viruses:
consists of at least two different particles, and both must be transmitted toa new host cell for viral metabolism to occur.
As a cell differentiates and develops a unique suite of proteins, the underlying developmental process is the
Differential Activation of Genes
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
: The source of information that a cell must contain to hold the sequence information for all of its proteins; information archive.
