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Space Weather, Earth’s magnetosphere, Solar wind, effects of space weather…

- - - - ·cells of plasma,
        
        ·hot rising plasma in the center, cooler plasma falling in the narrow spaces between them
        
        ·1000 kilometers in diameter
        
        ·lifespan - 8 to 20 minutes
        
        ·super granules - 24 hours
    - - ·regions of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection
        
        ·appear in pairs of opposite magnetic polarity
        
        ·appear dark because their temperature lower than surrounding granules
        
        ·activities varies approximately 11 year (solar cycle）
    - - ·sun's outer shell to emit light
      - ·100 kilometres thick
      - ·temperature 5780K
  - - - ·aura of plasma that surrounds the Sun
      - ·easily seen during a total solar eclipse ·temperature excess 1,000,000 kelvin
      - ·much hotter than the surface of the Sunkilometres
    - - ·release of plasma and accompanying magnetic field from the solar corona
        
        ·magnetized plasma consisting primarily of electrons and protons
        
        ·often follow solar flares and are normally present during a solar prominence eruption
  - - - ·strong and spectacular explosions of gases
        
        ·attain maximum brightness within a few seconds or minutes
        
        · light from solar flares takes 8 minutes to reach Earth while the charged gas particles take tens of minutes.
    - - ·huge loop or arched column of glowing gases over the sunspot.
        
        ·Prominences that are very strong can throw out matter from the Sun into space at speeds ranging from 600 km/s to more than 1 000 km/s
        
        ·The prominence plasma is typically a hundred times more luminous and denser than the coronal plasm
    - - ·sphere of color
      - ·3,000 to 5,000 kilometers deep
      - ·rosy red color only apparent during total eclipses (normally invisible)