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Unit 1 Diseases, (Treatments), (Treatments) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        PE, IgG test, PCR, ultrasonography, lumbar puncture
        
        parotitis (salivary glands), fever, sore throat
        
        encephalitis, orchitis, sterility
      - NSAIDs, hydration, ice packs for scrotum, vaccine
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        immunosuppressed, infants, people with AIDS (it's in the herpes family), transplant recipients
        
        tissue culture
        
        may be asymptomatic, birth defect, similar to flu (fatigue, fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly)
        
        may cause pneumonia/ hepatitis, retinitis, GI disease, encephalitis, myeloradicultis (in immunocompromised)
      - none
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        children
        
        PE, history, PCR,
        IgM and IgG test
        
        fever, cough, respiratory illness, conjunctivitis, edema, photophobia, Koplik's spots (rash)
        
        eye damage,
        pneumonia
      - vaccine
      - rest, hydration
        antipyretic, vit A
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        pregnant women
        
        PCR, IgM and IgG test,
        
        red rash on face, trunk, Forchheimer's spots (red macules on soft palate/uvula), arms/legs,
        fever, sore throat, rhinitis, lymphadenopathy*
        
        fetal birth defects; microcephaly, blindness, hearing defect/heart, diabetes, bone disease
      - antipyretics, hydration, oatmeal bath, vaccine
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Africa, Europe, high mortality (90%)
        
        PCR
        
        severe hemorrhagic fever, malaise, rash, jaundice, pancreatitis, weight loss, delirium,
      - none
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        PCR, ELISA
        
        severe hemorrhagic fever; diarrhea, malaise, internal bleeding, shock
      - potential vaccine
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        China/Russia
        
        serologic test, IgG,
        
        Hemorrhagic fever w/ renal syndrome (HFRS):
        febrile (fever, flu-like), hypotensive (hypotension, tachycardia, dec platelets), oliguric renal failure/ proteinuria), diuretic (pee 3-6 L), convalescent
        
        Cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS):
        more fatal, the cardio shock*
      - Tx symptoms, antivirals, ventilation,
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        old, immunosuppressed, pregnant women
        
        CBC, CT, MRI, leukocyte increased, elevated proteins, lumbar puncture with CSF test, EEG, serology test (IgM), PCR
        
        asymptomatic, mild febrile, flaccid paralysis, enters brain (could be deadly), encephalitis, meningitis
      - antiviral
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        pregnant women
        
        blood tests, IgM serologic test,
        
        fever, rash, muscle/joint pain, conjunctivitis, or asymptomatic, Guillain-Barre syndrome (neuro paralysis),
      - none
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        fever, stiff neck, muscle pain, asymptomatic for 1-6wks, CNS, fever, meningitis, paralysis of legs, diaphragm
        
        *
      - vaccine, none
      - *
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        stress, or low immunity
        
        PCR, serological test,
        
        acute infection: lesions on skin, contagious; may be asymptomatic, genital sores, painful ulcers, fever, swollen lymph nodes
      - antiviral meds
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        children, young adults
        Burkitt's lymphoma
        
        WBC counts, heterophile antibody test,
        
        pharyngitis, fatigue, headache, fever, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, tonsil enlargement, edema, rash, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
      - hydration, nutrition, rest, NO aspirin, aceto, corticosteroids, NO antivirals
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        young, old
        
        throat culture, nose, sputum
        
        fever, chills, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, cough, sore throat
        
        increased risk for pneumonia
      - vaccine
      - antipyretic, hydration, rest
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Herpes Zoster aka Shingles: increases with age, occurs after chickenpox
        
        PCR, PE
        
        rash, lesions, fever, malaise,
      - antipyretics, hydration, antihistamines, oatmeal bath, oral acyclovir, vaccine
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        PE
        
        skin rash, fever, facial skin sunburn-like redness, turns lacy pattern on extremities
      - antipyretics, antihistamines, hydration
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        cervical cancer
        penis cancer
        anal and throat cancer
        
        biopsy, ELISA, IgG, Pap smear
        
        wart like lesions (condyloma acuminata), rectal bleeds, pain or fullness in anus, bowel movement changes, anal discharge, swollen lymph nodes
      - no cure, cosmetic removal, vaccine!
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        hepatocellular cancer
- - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        unexpected disorder provoked by cancer causing secretions from endocrine glands
        
        common in lung cancer
        
        secretions (ex.hypercalcemia), cachexia, clotting,
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        smoking, asbestos, familial history (ras oncogene), radon, HIV, environmental toxins
        
        Non-Small Cell:
        subtly dev. over long time;
        
        small cell: rapidly dev., more aggressive,
        
        xray, CT, MRI,
        biopsy, sputum analysis
        
        cough, sputum (bloody), stridor, chest pain, dypnea
      - Immune checkpoint inhibitors, surgery, radiation, chemo, Wedge resection, lobectomy (lobe removal)
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        50+ years old, genetics (BRCA1/2), increased estrogen, prolonged reproductive life, having no children, HER2 positive.
        
        history, PE, mammogram, ultrasound, biopsy, fine needle aspiration, galactogram
        
        palpable mass, nip discharge, swelling in one breast, peau d-orange (thickening skin like an orange peel), Paget's disease of the breast (redness, crusting, tenderness of nipple)
      - chemo, surgery, adjuvant therapy
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        age, nulligravidity, estrogen, smoking, obesity, infertility, family history, jewish decent
        
        CA 125, ultrasound, laparotomy, analysis of ascites fluid, biopsy
        
        asymptomatic, abdominal pain, abdominal enlargement, bloating, nausea, anorexia, weight loss, cachexia, dysuria, pelvic pressure
      - surgical, chemo, hysterectomy
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        smoking, sexually transmitted diseases, HPV, immunosuppression, genetics (TNFa)
        
        pap smear, biopsy
        
        vaginal bleeding, burning on urination, constipation, hematuria, leg edema, pain , hydronephrosis
      - laser ablation, loop excision, surgery, hysterectomy, Brachytherapy, radiation,
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        50+ years, family, fatty foods, red meat, smoking, high calcium, alcohol, genetics (BRCA1/2), diet
        
        DRE, PSA, biopsy, prostate surface antigen
        
        early stage has no symptoms; obstructs urine flow, urine stream stops/starts, straining, decreased flow, incomplete emptying, hematuria, anemia, anorexia, back pain, azotemia (rise in nitrogen waste- BUN & Creatinine)
      - surgery, brachytherapy, cryotherapy, radiation, surveillance, hormonal therapy
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        polyps, age 45+, genetics, IBD (colitis, Crohn's), red meat diet, tobacco, low fiber, high fat, low fruits and vegetables, insulin resistance, physical inactivity, low vitamin diet
        
        early diagnosis is key, colonoscopy, DRE, FOBT, enema, ultrasound, CT, MRI,PET, CBC, stool DNA test,
        
        may be asymptomatic for years, abdominal cramping, weight loss, anemia, GI issues, bloody stool, constipation, rectal bleeding, melena (tarry black stool)
      - surgery, colectomy, chemo, rads,
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Asia and sub-Saharan Africans (1/200 people);
        US (1/20,000 people), 3x more common in men, obesity, diabetes, smoking, long-term androgenic steroids, exposure to toxins, long-term oral contraceptive use
        
        AFP blood test (60% accurate) if >500ng/mL, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, hepatic angiography, percutaneous liver biopsy.
        
        Hep B/C, Alcoholic liver disease, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, hemochromatosis, non-alcoholic cirrosis, abdominal pain, weight loss, fever, ascites, jaundice, esophageal varices, enlarged liver
      - surgery, chemo, brachytherapy, radioablation, liver transplant; vaccine for Hep B, antiviral therapy for Hep C
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        genetics, inherited diseases, immunosuppression, HIV infection, lung cancer, breast, melanoma, colon
        
        CBC, metabolic panel. MRI, PET, biopsy
        
        Seizure, headache, weakness of one extremity, sensory loss, sensory loss, visual defects, mental status
        Headaches: worse in morning, occur during sleep, cause vomit, double vision, numbness, get worse with coughing or exercise
      - surgery, radiation, chemo. glucocorticoids
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        slightly higher in males, hereditary retinoblastomas 1,000x risk, mutation of Rb gene, high doses of radiation therapy, anticancer drugs, bone infarction, chronic osteomyelitis, Paget's disease
        
        Types
        
        Osteosarcoma: dev in areas of large bone growth (ex. femur)
        S&S: pain and swelling
        surgical amputation common
        
        Chondrosarcoma: RARE; arise in pelvis, shoulder, and ribs.
        S&S: painful mass
        surgical excision and chemo
        
        Ewing's Sarcoma: genetic chromosome exchange; occurs in long bones (femur, pelvis)
        S&S: on xray, bones have a onion peel appearance, fever, elevated WBC
        
        Chordoma: arise from notochord (spine); brachyury gene polymorphism
        
        CBC, electrolyte levels, liver enzymes, platelet count, metabolic panel, renal function test, lactic dehydrogenase level (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), x-ray, CT, MRI, bone scanning with MDP/MDI, PET scan, biopsy
        
        pain, lump over the bone, fracture
      - surgery, chemo, radiation therapy, cryosurgery, targeted therapy
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        female, postmenopausal, 60 years old, Caucasian; premenopausal: obesity, nulliparity, anovulatory menstrual cycles, diabetes, and hypertension; excess estrogen
        
        Types
        
        Type I: estrogen dependent (most common)
        
        Type II: estrogen independent
        
        Pap smear, ultrasound, hysteroscopy, CA-125 blood level, CT scan
        
        abnormal vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, bloating, genital discharge, weight loss, change in bladder/bowel habits
      - surgery, radiation, hormonal therapy, chemo
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        drinking, tobacco,
        EBV, HPV, environmental exposures (paint fumes),
        reflux disease, poor vit A or iron
        
        laryngoscopy, fine needle aspiration biopsy,
        
        wartlike lesions, scaly or ulcerated, early red lesions, on mouth/tongue, nosebleeds, blocked sinuses, pain in face, swelling around eyes, hoarseness,
      - surgery, radiation,
        chemo
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        young adults <55, 3x more likely in women, radiation exposure to neck, nuclear fallout, family history, medullary carcinoma of thyroid RET proto-oncogene on chromosome 10, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN type2), mutated genes on chromosome 1&19, iodine deficiency, thyroid nodules
        
        history taking, physical exam, lab eval, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), ultrasound, radioiodine imaging, MRI, CT
        
        painless palpable thyroid nodule, hard and fixed
      - surgical excision/thyroidextomy, radioiodine I-131, levothyroxine
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        64 years old+, 2x likely for women, African Americans, hereditary (VHL syndrome, tuberous scelrosis complex, Cowden disease, hereditary papillary renal carcinoma (HPRC), Bir-Hogg-Dube syndrome), environmental (smoking, obesity, hypertension, cystic kidney disease, asbestos, tricholorethylene, vinyl chloride, cadmium, herbicides, benzene, smoking). Use of NSAIDs. Family history of Wilms tumor
        
        hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, hypercalcemia, ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET, biopsy,
        
        hematuria, flank pain, abdominal mass, some are asymptomatic, anemia, weight loss, fatigue, Hypercalcemia, liver dysfunction, erythrocytosis, polyneuromyopathy
      - surgery, chemo for Wilms tumor, slow growing
- - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Colonoscopy every 1-2 years
        beginning at 10-12 years old
        
        rectal bleeding, diarrhea, abdominal bleeding
        
        *
      - *
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        damage to fibrillin
        
        disproportionate arms, legs, toes, fingers,
        long and slender build, long/narrow face,
        high arched neck/crowded teeth,
        indented/protruding sternum, dislocated eye lenses, high pressure in eyes, cystic changes in lungs, flexible joints, flat feet, curved spine, abnormal heart sounds
        
        cardiovascular disease major cause of death
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        high LDL
        Xanthoma and xanthelasma (cholesterol deposits)
        
        Early arteriosclerosis
        early angina and MI
      - *
    - - Homozygous more severe than heterozygous
        serum LDL can be >600 mg/dL
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        teenagers
        
        Gene testing, CT,
        MRIs. and neruo exams
        
        Tumors of CNS/PNS,
        cafe-au-lait spots (dark,
        flat macules), optic
        nerve tumor, tumors in
        the iris, learning disabilities,
        hyperflexability, curved spine
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        hypermobility of joints, easy bruising,
        mitral valve prolapse, arterial anerysms,
        poor healing, spontaneous dislocation of joints,
        stretchy skin, IBS, regularly sick
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Caucasians, newborns screened
        
        very skinny,
        regular lung problems
      - pancreatic enzyme supplements,
        bronchodilators, mucolytics,
        nutritional supplements
      - *
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Found only in males (1/500)
        
        Detected at puberty
        
        lack of dev of testes, skeletal and heart abnormalities, decreased cognitive, testicular atrophy, osteoporosis,
        reduced body hair, breast development, sterility
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        females only, spontaneous abortion
        
        Slow/late onset of breast development,
        no menses at puberty
      - estrogen therapy, hormone replacement
      - *
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        long repeating CGG sequence
        
        Cognitive impairment, familiar mental retardation (FMR), Mild-to-moderate autistic-like behaviors
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        flat nasal bridge, macroglossia, almond shaped eyes, irregular mouth, widely separated 1st/2nd toe, single crease in palm
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        sporadic genetic mutation,
        normally paternal
        
        Hypotonia (floppy when born), overeating, obesity, small testes/ovaries
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        35-44 years of age
        
        no specific imaging
        
        trouble swallowing, involuntary movements, restlessness, irritability, impaired walking ability, cognitive and behavior disorder, "Chorea" movement disorder, dance - like movement progressing to flailing
      - no cure :(
        management strategies:
        antidepressants, antipsychotics,
        anticonvulsants
- - - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
        
        headache, nausea, vomit, lethargy, confusion, seizures/coma, CNS changes, patient falls, diminished deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, flat veins, spasms, cramps
        
        occurs in low or high blood volume
        
        Insufficient Na in bloodstream, or excessive water causing dilutions. diarrhea, sweat, vomit, burns, wounds, gastric lavage, hyperglycemia, laxatives, renal disease, muscle cramps
        
        If less than 1500 mg Na intake per day
        diuretic use, fluid loss, burns/wounds, dehydration OR excess hydration
    - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
        
        fever, edema,
        oliguria, thirsty, cells shrink, CNS, often use hypotonic solution to treat. weak pulse, tachycardia, decreased refelxes
        
        DEHYDRATION, water loss, diarrhea, vomiting,
        salt loading
        infants/elderly
        kidney dysfx, hypercalcemia, potassium depletion,
        Loop diuretics, hyperaldosteronism,
  - - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
        
        EKG: peaked T wave
        diarrhea, apathy, confusion
        numbness of extremities, increased excitability, muscle spasms, heart arrhythmias, abnormal pulse rate
        
        leaks into ECF
        after major trauma
        leads to cardiac arrest
    - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
        
        anorexia, nausea,
        vomiting, sluggish bowel,
        irregular heartbeat,
        postural hypotension,
        muscle fatigue,
        leg cramps,
        decreased deep tendon reflexes,
        prolonged PR, flattened T,
        Prominent U wave, cardiac dysrhythmias
        
        Digitalis (Digoxin) Toxicity
        
        Occurs because: digoxin normally
        binds to ATPase pump on same site
        as K+, so when K+ is low, digoxin binds
        more easily to ATPase, exerting inhibitory
        effects
        
        foods with K+: Banana,
        orange juice, meat,
        green leafy vegetables,
        rainbow trout/tuna,
        oranges, cantaloupe, peaches
        
        LOOP DIURETICS, Slow bowel sounds, NPO status, alcoholics, bariatric surgery, eating disorders, heart failure patients receive diuretics' and digitalis meds which makes them susceptible to low potassium. Requiring nasogastric suctioning.
  - - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
        
        Chvostek's sign (facial spasm)= +
        Trousseau's sign (carpal spasm)= +
        seizures, hypotension, arrhythmia,
        bone pain, dry skin, cataracts, depression, dementia, respiratory difficulty, tetany, muscle cramping, increased excitability, seizure, confusion
        
        hypoparathyroidism;
        hyperphosphatemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypomagnesemia, sepsis, loop diuretics
        renal failure, vit D deficiency
    - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
        
        bone tenderness, arrhythmias,
        renal stones, constipation, depression,
        muscle weakness, anorexia, decreased excitability, hypophosphatemia, arrhythmia, sluggish muscles, kidney stones
        
        hyperparathyroidism;
        hypophosphatemia, malignant cells invading bone, causing bone destruction, diuretics
  - - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
        
        tremors, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, anorexia, dysphagia, joint stiffness, bone pain, osteomalacia, RBC/ WBC/platelet dysfunction, neural dysfunction
        
        high calcium levels, hyperparathyroidism, vit D deficiency, diuretic use, decreased intestinal absorption, increased excretion by the kidneys, severe burns,
    - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
        
        calcification, tetany,
        increased RBC,
        hypotension
        
        kidney failure,
        low calcium,
        hypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia,
        many cancers can raise Ca levels in the blood
  - - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
        
        neuromuscular manifestations,
        Tetany, Chvostek's sign,
        Trousseau's sign, Babinski's sign,
        EKG similar to hypokalemia (U wave),
        cardiac arrhythmias,
        respiratory paralysis,
        complete heart block, coma, death
        
        diarrhea, laxatives
        renal excretion, sepsis,
        burns, wounds, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, starvation, diuretics
    - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
        
        decreased neuromuscular fx,
        hyporeflexia, weakness,
        hypotension, arrhythmias,
        
        kidney failure
        leads to cardiac arrest (>10), hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism,,
      - Acid-Base Balance
  - - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
        
        Low pitting edema
        
        water pores toward ISF/ICF
    - - Etiology/risk
        
        Signs
- - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        obtained by mosquitos and blood. Starts in liver; Hepatocytes burst and parasites enter bloodstream
        
        blood smear, Ig test
        
        Jaundice, hemolytic anemia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, splenic rupture. Fever and chills every 2-3 days.
      - Chloroquine
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        fatal neurogenerative; 45-75 yrs, early death within 1 year
        
        EEG, CSF, MRI, biopsy of brain
        
        dementia, personality change, hallucination, speech impairment, jerky muscle movements, ataxia, seizures
      - none
    - - Treatments
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        affects young people in UK and France (33 yrs), early death within 13 months
        
        same as CJD
        
        psychiatric problems, hearing, seeing, smelling, muscle coordination poor, muscle spasms. mental confusion
        
        none
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        neurological disorder of cattle; spread via meat and bone meal fed to cattle
        
        neurological disease
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        infects warm blood animals, primarily cats. Pregnant women at high risk. Transmission through raw or undercooked meat, cat feces
        
        infant deformity, rash, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, seizures, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications
      - Link Title
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        tropical warm areas, undercooked food, invade muscle tissue, affect lungs/brain/heart
        
        muscle biopsy, culture
        
        abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia, weight loss, eggs in stool, organ damage, seizures
      - antihelminthic meds
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        infects rodents, inades bloodstream
        
        microanalysis, histo, culture, serologic test
        
        asymptomatic, fever, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, cachexia, gray discoloration of skin
      - pesticides, insect repellants, antibiotics
- - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        necrotizing inflammation of blood vessel walls, affects renal blood supply, and many organs except lungs.
        
        presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in bloodstream, typically in young adults
        
        Ischemia of tissue; various symptoms depending on organ, fever, arthralgias, skin lesions, pain, HTN, peripheral neuritis, malaise, renal failure causes death
      - corticosteroids,
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        xray, elevated ESR, CRP, leukocytes, RF may be positive
        
        Joint pain and swelling, systemic S&S, deformities (Swan's and Boutonniere's) Ulnar deviation
      - NSAIDs, corticosteroids
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        mainly women of child bearing age, prescence of EBV antibodies, UV light
        
        Ig's to DNA and Smith (sm) antigen
        
        butterfly rash across bridge of nose and cheeks; joint pain and swelling, weight loss, fever, pleural effusion, anemia, thrombocytopenia, splenic enlargement, cardiac valve deformities, renal dysfunction
      - corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        chronic, accumulation of T cells, macrophages, & granulomas in organs
        
        histo exam of lymph nodes, chest xray
        
        skin rash (erythema nodosum), anorexia, arthritis, lymph node enlargement, weight loss
      - anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        chronic, destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands, commonly in women (50+), many also have arthritis
        
        biopsy of lip tissue
        
        dry eyes, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dry mouth (xerostomia), blurred vision, eye itching, decreased taste, erythema nodosum, Raynaud's phenomenon, arthralgias,
      - symptomatic relief, glucosteroids, antimalarials
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        collagen infiltration of skin and some organs
        
        histo exam of skin, antinuclear Ig's
        
        shiny stretched skin, finger contractures, Raynaud's phenomenon
      - anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs
- - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Causes
        
        increase use of neutrophils, meds, neoplasms
        
        leukopenia (<1000), neutropenia (<1500), agranulocytosis (severe neutropenia)
        
        fatigue, fever, chills, ulcerations (skin. mouth, GI), respiratory infection, septicemia, susceptible to infections
      - antibiotics, hematopoietic growth factors (stim stem cells), colony stimulating factors
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        unknown, genetics, environment
        
        abnormal lymphocytes (L) and myelocytes (M)
        Acute: ALL and AML
        Chronic: CLL and CML
        CBC, decreased WBC, Hct, Hgb, increased clot time, uric acid, biopsy
        
        pallor, fever, fatigue, bleeding, weight loss, lymphadenopathy (enlargement), CNS (N/V, headache, coma, seizures)
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        aggressive, affects children (4 years),
        
        requent/ lots of infection, S&S appear like anemia, lymphadenopathy in liver and spleen, bone pain in sternum, tibia, femur, unexplained bruising, bleeding, nosebleeds, and CNS issues.
      - chemo (3 yrs), blood transfusions
    - - Treatments
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        previous chemo for breast cancer and Hodgkin's Lymphoma cause AML
        60+ year
        
        anemia, thrombocytopenia (low clotting), leukopenia
        
        chemo, blood transfusions, antibiotics, bone marrow transplant
      - immature myeloid cells accumulate
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        common in men
        environment, genetics
        
        enlarged lymph , spleen, weight loss, infections, fatigue
        lymphocytosis (> 20K)
      - chemo, stem cell transplant
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        common in men
        environment, genetics
        
        Phase 1: chronic, neutrophils begin to lose differentiation
        Phase 2: accelerated, unable to function, more undifferentiated
        Phase 3: blast crisis, no differentiated
        
        Philadelphia chromosome (abnormal chrom 22)
        blast crisis = >30% bone marrow cells are blast cells (immature)
        aplastic anemia (decrease in RBC anemia, WBC leukopenia, and platelets thrombocytopenia)
      - curable, bone marrow transplant, Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, chemo
- - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        common in environment; in GI and vaginal tract; Oropharyngeal (thrush) common in infants, denture wearers, and immunocompromised;
        Vuvlovaginal (yeast infection) of outer genetalia and vaginal canal of women w/ increased estrogen levels (hormone therapy or pregnant, or are on antibiotics. Also women with intrauterine devices)
        Balanitis = Penis
        
        Thrush: scrape lesion and examine w/ microscope, white plaque lesions (subtype = esophageal needs endoscopy)
        Yeast infection: white curd-like watery discharge
        
        Thrush: dry mouth, fluffy white lesions on tongue and buccal surface, loss of taste, difficulty eating or swallowing.
        Yeast infections: itching/discharge, dyspareunia, dysuria, and vaginal irritation, vulvular erythema and swelling
        Penis: burning, itching, infection on thighs, gluteal folds, butt, and scrotum
      - Oral agents (swish/swallow antifungal agent) or anitfungal lozenge
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        A. flavus and A. fumigatus grows on carbon sources and starchy foods, infection that occurs in immunocompromised, critically ill patients, those suffering from hematological malignancies. Major forms = allergic bronchopulmonary, acute invasive, and disseminated invasive
        
        chest x-rays
        
        flu-like illness, fever, cough, chest pain, dyspnea
      - antifungals like amphotericin B and itraconazole
    - - Treatments
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        encapsulated yeast that causes meningitis. 19 species, but only C. neoformans is in humans. Occurs in immunocompromised. Begins w/ infection in lung via inhalation, disseminates to brain and CNS (can penetrate BBB)
        
        Culture
        
        aggressive antifungals, surgery, and supportive treatments
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        Resides in soil of western US, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Dormant except in rainy season. Not transmitted person-person; immunosuppressed are most susceptible.
        
        Chest x-ray, CT, serology, and blood culture. Tissue biopsy may be required
        
        Flu-like symptoms (coughing, fever, muscle aches, and headache), skin rash, pneumonia meningitis, bone/joint/blood stream infection.
      - Antifungals (fluconazole)
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        Darling's disease, found in soil of areas by bats/birds. Most prevalent endemic mycosis in US. Mostly self-limiting, but can be systemic in immunocompromised or people on immunosuppressants. Inhaled, then germinated - travels via lymphatic system
        
        lesions in potentially liver, spleen, bone marrow, adrenal glands, and GI, and CNS
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        Can easily infect those with HIV, immunocompromised, or immunosuppressed. Common and normal component of human respiratory tract
        
        Chest x-rays, sputum analysis, lactic dehydrogenase levels
        
        pneumonia like symptoms (fever, dyspnea, cough, crackles, hemoptysis)
      - antibiotics
- - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        can occur b/c of various disorders (hemoglobinopathies, medications, autoimmune disorders, hereditary spherocytosis, transfusions, etc.). Can be acute, chronic, intravascular (in circulating blood) or extravascular (RBC destruction).
        Occurs when erythrocyte destruction outpaces RBC synthesis. If destruction is of IgG then hemolysis at any temp (warm agglutinin syndrome). If destruction is of IgM then hemolysis at low temp (cold agglutinin syndrome).
        Alloimmune hemolysis = antibodies are formed against antigens on the RBC surface (occurs in transfusion reactions and HDN)
        
        CBC and bone marrow response via reticulocyte count (would be ^), methemoglobin and bilirubin count, peripheral smear. Once hemolysis is established, other tests such as Hgb electrophoresis, bone marrow exam, and test for autoantibodies can be done
        
        general anemia signs: fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, tachycardia, as well as general hemolysis: chills, jaundice (^bilirubin), dark urine (^urobilinogen), and enlarged spleen
      - depends on type - folic acid and iron replacement, corticosteroids, and potentially transfusions. If autoimmune, immunosuppressants and splenectomy
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
  - - - S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
- - - - Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        younger than 40
        
        living/working in crowded area
        
        physical exam
        
        xray
        
        sputum culture
        
        fever, sore throat, chills,
        cough, myalgias,
        headache, earache
        
        specific antibiotics
      - MOT: aerosolized mist;
        not person to person
        
        Legionnaire's Disease
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        7 more items...
        
        xray
        
        sputum culture
        
        urine antigen test
        
        dyspnea
        
        chest pain
        
        cough
        
        chills, fever, nausea,
        vomiting, diarrhea, headache,
        arthralgias, ataxia
        
        hemoptysis
        
        antibiotics
      - Neisseria Meningtiis
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        living/working in close quarters
        
        Kernigs and Brudzinskis signs
        
        lumbar puncture (CSF),
        low glucose, MRI, CT
        
        occurs first in the bloodstream
        fever, chills, malaise, weakness,
        stiff neck, photophobia, headache
        
        lethargy, coma,
        delirium,
        neurological signs can occur
        
        skin rash severe progression...
        necrosis of extremities/
        gangrene can develop
        
        IV antibiotics, antiemetics, analgesics
        corticosteroids, hydration, antipyretics,
        surgical amputation (gangrene)
        
        Rifampin, vaccine
      - Pertussis
        whooping cough
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        infants
        
        forceful coughing, audible whoop
        vomiting, hemorrhages, bulging eyes
        neck vein distention
        
        IV fluids, oxygen,
        
        vaccine
        
        cough elixirs; expectorants
        are contraindicated
    - - Pseudomonas
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        immunocompromised,
        health care acquired,
        
        cause include places of IV lines, severe burns
        catheters, surgery, trauma
        
        sputum culture, xray
        blood culture
        
        crackles, fever, cyanosis
        retractions, hypoxia, shock
        
        double antibiotic therapy
      - Shigella
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        anal sex
        
        direct contact with stool
        (diaper changes)
        
        severe diarrhea (bloody, mucus, pus),
        dysentery, fever, nausea,
        vomiting, cramps, gas
        
        seizures in
        young children
        
        toxins cause hemolytic
        uremic syndrome leading
        to renal failure
        
        antibiotics
      - Lyme Disease
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        tick borne illness
        
        cultures (if early in disease)
        biopsy sample of lesion
        joint fluid
        serological testing (Ig)
        physical exam
        
        red macule that expands
        into a lesion; stiff neck
        fever, chills, fatigue
        arthralgias, head inflammation,
        Bell's palsy, arthritis
        
        antibiotics (doxycycline)
      - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        tick borne illness
        
        serological testing,
        
        fever, petechial rash, edema,
        hypoalbuminemia,
        hypovolemia, hypotension,
        reduced oncotic pressure
        
        diarrhea, joint pain, abdomen pain,
        vomit, lack of appetite,
        
        intensive care, antibiotics,
        hemodialysis, blood transfusion,
        intubation
    - - H. influenzae
        (has outer capsule)
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        children, elderly
        
        antibiotics
        
        headache, stiff neck, photophobia, neurological signs, fever
        
        infants: poor feeding, vomiting,
        lethargy, fever, irritability
        
        vaccine
    - - Salmonella
        enterica = gastroenteritis
        Typhi = typhoid fever
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        contaminated food, undercooked,
        Typhi= human carriers
        
        blood or stool culture
        
        GI Issues, fever,
        vomiting, diarrhea (bloody)
        dehydration
        
        Typhoid Fever:
        fever, cough, abdominal pain,
        watery diarrhea, bradycardia,
        endocarditis, intestinal perforation,
        delirium, rash (rose spots) on
        lower chest/abdomen
        
        vaccines,
        antibiotics
        
        antibiotic resistance
      - E. coli
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        infants and elderly,
        contaminated food, undercooked,
        
        can cause UTI
        
        high RBC and platelet breakdown
        renal failure
        stool culture or PCR
        
        diarrhea (bloody), renal failure,
        gastroenteritis, cramps, NO FEVER,
        
        blood transfusion,
        clotting factors
        kidney dialysis
        
        IV antibiotics,
        hospitalization
      - Campylobacter jejuni
        bird feces
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        immunosuppressed, anal intercourse,
        
        Guillain-Barré syndrome can develop
        
        culture
        
        gastroenteritis
        diarrheal, fever, abdominal pain,
        
        antibiotics,
      - Cholera
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        living in Asia or Africa
        
        1 more item...
        
        stool culture, dipstick test,
        vaccines
        
        watery diarrhea (rice water),
        vomiting, dehydration,
        electrolyte imbalance, death
        
        Fluids, electrolytes,
        doxycycline
  - - - Strep Pneumoniae (CAP)
        pneumococcus
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        children under 2
        
        adults 60+
        
        physical exam: lung crackles
        
        xray
        
        sputum culture
        
        serotype urinary antigen test
        
        fever
        
        cough
        
        chest pain
        
        dyspnea
        
        tachypnea
        
        tachycardia
        
        sweats
        
        fatigue
        
        antibiotics
        
        vaccine
        
        SOME ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
      - Diphtheria
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        gray colored
        pseudo membrane
        
        sore throat, fever,
        tonsillar exudate
        
        antibiotics, vaccine
        
        IV fluids, oxygen
      - Tetanus
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        puncture wounds cause toxins
        to go to CNS
        
        1 more item...
        
        muscle spasms
        
        hyperactive neurons,
        increase muscle tone,
        LOCKJAW, back arching,
        respiratory arrest, HR/BP fluctuations,
        sweating, hyperpyrexia
        
        vaccine, wound care
        antibiotics are of little value
    - - S. aureus
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        congregate setting
        
        health-care associated infection
        
        1 more item...
        
        culture
        
        GI illness
        
        Skin infection
        
        secretes protease
        
        produces hemolytic toxins;
        degrades host cells
        
        Antibiotics
        
        ANTIBIOTIC
        RESISTANCE
        (MRSA)
      - Strep (GABHS)
        strep throat
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        children acquire PANDAS
        after infection
        
        1 more item...
        
        culture
        
        Fever
        
        Rash
        
        strep throat
        
        degrade tissue membrane
        
        Resist WBC phagocytosis
        
        toxic shock
        
        pneumonia
        
        nephritis
        
        Antibiotics
      - Clostridium Difficile
        feces contact/ airborne
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        hospital acquired infection
        
        1 more item...
        
        stool culture
        
        diarrhea, fever,
        abdomen pain,
        
        antibiotics;
        can destroy gut flora,
        rehydration
        
        stool transplant
      - Clostridial Gas Gangrene
        myonecrosis
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        surgery, trauma
        
        xray: gas bubbles revealed
        culture of wound discharge
        
        edema, purple/black erythema,
        tenderness, discoloration,
        serous drainage,
        sweet odor,
        
        antibiotics, surgical
        amputation
    - - Botulism
        
        Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        infants, food-borne,
        
        1 more item...
        
        paralysis, vomiting, abdomen pain,
        blurred vision, dry mouth
        
        antitoxin (CDC)
  - - - Treatment
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        caused by S pneumoniae,
        Neisseria meningitides,
        and H influenzae
        
        Kernigs (leg extension pain) and
        Brudzinkis signs (neck flex = leg raise)
        
        lumbar puncture (culturing CSF)
        
        seizures, brain damage,
        ischemia, visual/hearing loss
        
        fever, stiff neck,
        headache, rash (sometimes)
        
        antibiotics
        
        vaccine
- - - - Treatments
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        replicates within CD4 cells and kills them. humoral and cell mediated immunity are diminished, making person susceptible to opportunistic infections
        
        HIV RNA assay, Ig's, ELISA, Western Blot, CD4 count
        
        may be asymptomatic, early symptoms are flulike, late symptoms include weight lose, lymphadenopathy, fever
        
        ART triple drug regimen
    - - Treatments
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Ig level
        
        chronic infection, diaper rash, candidiasis, failure to thrive
        
        bone marrow transplant
    - - Treatments
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        likely from genetics or mediations. IgA is the most numerous Ig. It's in mucosal secretions.
        
        serological testing, family screening, pulmonary function test
        
        asymptomatic, but at high risk of diseases. Recurrent pneumonia, otitis, sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections, high risk of stomach cancer,
        
        monthly immunoglobulin injections, antibiotics, sinus surgery, live virus vaccines should be avoided
    - - Treatments
        
        S&S
        
        Diagnostics
        
        Description
        
        T cell deficiency from maldeveloped thymus gland, genetic mutation
        
        lack of T lymphocytes
        
        chronic infections, facial abnormalities in infants
        
        thymus gland transplant, Ig infusion, antibiotics
- - - - Description
- - - - Risk Factors