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Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development - Coggle Diagram
Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development
Genetic information
Structure
Structural region
Contains two distinct regions, Exons and introns
codes for amino acids
Promoter
Regulates synthesis of the mRNA material
The Genetic code
twenty different amino acids
created by a combination 3 nucleotide bases
64 triplet combinations are possible
Transcription
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RNA polymerase encounters start codon
DNA Separates
Transcription of the nucleotide bases occurs
Protection
DNA is not involved in protein synthesis
Produces mRNA to carry genetic information
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Stored in nucleus, protected by nuclear envelope from cytoplasm
Histone proteins hold most DNA in an inert, resistant form
Alternative splicing
One or two exons removed along with introns
Shorter protein chain
All introns are removed and exons are spliced together
Longer protein chain
this creates different types of mRNA
Translation is still the same in making the proteins
However, one chain will be longer than the other
Genetic engineering and techniques
Analysis and Recombinant techniques
Identifying fragments
Used to study the evolution of DNA by using restriction map
Can be used to extract one certain gene or fragment to research
DNA Cloning
Replication of a certain strand of DNA
Can be done by bacteria but they aren't able to hold long strands
Instead YAC or PCR is used to replicate strands that are larger
Restriction endonucleases
Binds to a specific DNA region and cleaves it in two
different enzymes have different regions they attach to
DNA sequencing
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Used to analyze short strands of DNA fragments
Nucleic acid hybridization
DNA strands are heated to break hydrogen bonds
strands are then cooled tp form new bonds
Used to determine relatedness of two different types of DNA
Genome sequencing
similar to DNA sequencing but strands are longer
multiple tests verify the sequencing of genome
Genetic modifying
Researchers can create modifications that help plants survive
Also allows for plants to become bigger or produce more
Not limited to plants but a lot of work has been done on plants
CRISPR-Cas9
Tool that allows for precise editing of DNA by binding and cutting
Can create own guide RNA to find complementary strand of DNA
Protein levels and synthesis
Protein synthesis
components
rRNA
"Reads" genetic message of mRNA
Catalyzes amino acids into protein chains
mRNA
Carries the coding sequence for protein synthesis
Carries this message from DNA to site of Protein synthesis
tRNA
Pairs the amino acids to codons of mRNA
Ribosome
Location where synthesis occurs
Controls Protein Levels
Transcription Factors
Also called trans-acting factor and deals directly with DNA
A protein binds to a promoter region and activates a gene
Cis-acting factors
Are the promoters or enhancers used along with trans-factors
Micro-RNA's
Humans
Food
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GMO plants allow us to have more food to consume
Social
Allows people to find relatives or heritage lines
