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Chapter 2: Origins of Deaf Learning in America - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 2: Origins of Deaf Learning in America
Chelsee Patterson
1/29/2021
Earliest Deaf Americans
First formalized signing 1817
Martha's Vineyard
Named after Bartholomeew Gosnold's
daughter Martha & profusion of grapes
marriage 'off-island' was rare
1 of 4 babies born were deaf
Signing used by both Deaf and Hearing people
Sustinance = geography, attitude and access
Play
A Nice Place to Live
about Martha's Vineyard
centering on deaf/non-deaf people living together
viewing a world through each other's eyes
MSVL - Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
AISL - American Indian Sign Language
Wampanoags exchanged
spoken English and Sign Language
Chief Sitting Bull's son, Mountain Blue was deaf
Iroquois Tribe women/children use Sign Language
in presence of warriors and elders
Comparable Findings
Israeli locations contain
150 D/deaf
Village of the Deaf
= Bedouin Village
ABSL - Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
American Carol Padden, Ph.D:
"
signs are a natural product of the
human brain, just like spoken language
"
Preservation of Signing Communities =
location (isolated), attitude (non-issue)
Earliest Mainstream Attempts
First mainstream in 1700s
Francis Green (1742-1809) founded free
school for the deaf in London
Braidwood Academy
Green translated de l'Épeé's
Education of the Deaf
1809 first deaf census in Mass.
Thomas & Martha Jefferson
Cobb School
Signing Pioneers
Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb persons - first permanent school
Founding partership: Dr. Mason Cogswell, Rev. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, Laurent Clerc.
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
(THG)
Yale at age 14
Alice Cogswell; the word "HAT"
Dr. Cogswell lends
Théorie des Signes
to THG
Dr. Cogswell asks THG to learn European teaching methods
Deaf schools in London were family operated
Fate of Massieu's, Clerc's and Sicard's THG encounter
Combines the advantages of LSF and ASL
3/12/1816 THG arrives at Royal National Institution for the Deaf-Mutes
American School for the Deaf:
first successful school
$17,000
City Hall
April 15th, 1817
THG purposes to Sophia Fowler (14th student)
Retires April 30th 1830; 8 hearing children
Both de l'Épeé & THG encountered young deaf girls leading to school establishments
Laurent Clerc
First deaf teacher in America
Became deaf after falling into a fire at age 1
Performed the reading of a newspaper
Head teacher at Connnecticute Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons
Married Eliza Boardman; one of his first students
6 hearing children
Reported to have grieved over the modifications of LSF and assimilated ASL signs
Wilson Whiton- first American born deaf teacher
Alice Cogswell
Story states THG found Alice by "accident"
Alice played with THG's younger siblings
Alice never recovered from Dr. Cogswell's death
Statue at Gallaudet Univ.
Kentucky School for the Deaf (1823) first state-supported school
Amos Kendall
Dartmouth educated journalist
P.H. Skinner solicits deaf/blind education for a total of 15 deaf students
Kendall offers a house w/ 2 acres and a bill in Congress to establish
Columbia Institution for the Deaf
Kendall is informed about malnourishment of school children, breaks in, adopts five children and returns rest to family
Kendall Green remains a site of Gallaudet University and the Laurent Clerc Center
School board president
Kendall Green School's various name changes
Edward Minor Gallaudet
Help fund establishment of college
Prepared bill for Congress signed by Abraham Lincoln 4/8/1864
Pushes matters along too quickly
Normal Department = training hearing people to become teachers of deaf people
Retired age 73; 7 hearing children
EMG
Busied w/ civic related duties (street paving, vocational schools, black education)
Sophia Fowler
Her and sister Parnel are deaf
Met THG at fundraising event in New Haven
Surprise marriage purposes from THG
Younger son (THG III) became ordained EEpiscopalian priest and founded Saint Ann's Church of the Deaf - NY
served as matron of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and Blind (9 years)
First deaf lobbyist
a.k.a. Queen Sophia
Fowler Hall established in her honor.
Origins
Samual Morse - first inventor of telegraph
Friend & Business Partner = philanthropist Amos Kendell.
Oral Pioneers
Bernard Engelsman
taught in Germany without signed usage
firm believer of Oralism
Established Lexington School for the Deaf - NY
Originator of Oral Education in America
Alexander Graham Bell
Inventor of the telephone in attempt to solve mother's hearing loss
Born in Scotland to D/deaf mother
Huge supporter of Oral Methods
School of Oratory at Boston University
Established
Bell Telephone Company
with Gardiner Hubbard
American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (aka) Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Involved in the earliest Eugenics research
Advocated sterilization
Prohibition of Deaf people becoming teachers
Imposed hearing society integration
Friend of Helen Keller
Tried to solve the "
Deaf Problem
"
Compared to Hitler
Had a deaf wife and mother