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ANTIOXIDANT, Vitamins, 2 stable forms: ascorbic acid (reduced form)…

- - - - Deficiencies
        
        seen in areas where people primarily consume foods grown on selenium depleted soil
        
        Kershan’s disease
        
        severe joint pain and heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy)
      - Why do we need it
        
        protects cell membrane
        
        co-factor for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme
        
        reduces production of free radicals
        
        converts thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3)
        
        thyroid hormone regulates BMR (basal metabolic rate), growth and development, and body temperature
      - Where do we get it
        
        Animal and Plant proteins
        
        Liver, meat, fish, poultry, legumes, nuts, seeds
        
        grains and seeds green in selenium rich souls
        
        no significant losses in food preparations
      - Nutrient-nutrient interactions
        
        reduces # of free radicals for vitamin E to neutralize
      - Toxicity
        
        over supplementation >1mg/day
        
        symptoms: nausea, vomiting, brittle nails, eventual hair loss, neurological damage, fatigue, irritability
        
        increased risk of diabetes in men
- - - - unstable atoms (free radicals) contain an unpaired electron in outer orbital (shell)
      - how are they formed
        
        normal metabolic processes
        
        immune responses
        
        production of ATP
        
        oxidizing CHO, PRO and FAT
        
        exposure to environmental factors
        
        pollution
        
        radiation exposure/ozone
        
        excessive sunlight
        
        toxic substances
        
        tobacco smoke
        
        industrial chemicals
      - targets for damage
        
        destabilize other molecules
        
        damages cell membranes
        
        damages cellular proteins
        
        damages blood LDL lipoproteins
        
        damages nuclear DNA
- - - - night blindness
        
        slow sight recovery from flashes of light under dim conditions
      - dry eye
        
        leads to blindness
      - reproduction issues
      - improper growth
        
        issues in jaw development
      - poor dental health
      - decreased mucous production
      - higher chance of infection
    - - only animal foods can be toxic
      - plant sources are non-toxic
      - supplement use at 3-4x DRI-RDA level
        
        increased cancer rates
      - medical treatment for acne
      - loss of appetite, nausea, headaches
      - acute - less than 200,000 micrograms RAE
      - chronic - regular intakes of 10x DRI (only retinoids)
      - teratogenic - ~10,000 IU/3000 micrograms RAE/day
    - - vision
        
        retina, rods, cones, cornea, macula
      - growth, development and reproduction
        
        cell differentiation
        
        retinoid acid acts on DNA to code for specific proteins in cells
        
        bone growth
        
        breakdown of bone to allow for growth
      - health of mucous membranes
        
        protects against infection
        
        skin
        
        lungs
        
        cornea of eye
        
        urinary tract
        
        bladder
      - immune system
        
        produce immune cells to fight infections
      - retinoids
    - - liver (pate)
      - fish oils
      - eggs (yolk)
      - milk (fortified)
      - butter and cheese
  - - - primarily plant foods
        
        plant oils (sunflower, safflower, canola, corn, soybean, wheat germ)
        
        nuts ( almonds, Brazil, hazelnuts)
        
        seeds (sunflower, pumpkin, sesame)
        
        small amounts in egg yolks and liver
        
        fruits and vegetables
        
        whole grains, peanut butter
        
        lost in food preparation: readily destroyed by heat, exposure to oxygen, metals, or light
    - - Ascorbic acid can regenerate active vitamin E once it has neutralized free radicals
      - selenium reduces # of free radicals for vitamin E to neutralize
    - - hemolytic anemia
        
        RBC membrane integrity lost
        
        RBC cannot carry sufficient oxygen to cells for energy production from macronutrients
        
        causes fatigue and lethargy
      - preterm infants at great risk
        
        during the last few weeks of pregnancy there is a transfer of vitamin E from mother to fetus
        
        placed in incubator where there is a higher oxygen environment increasing the oxidative stress on the lung membranes which increases the demand for vitamin E
        
        low stores, increased need for growth
      - can alter DNA and increased risk of cancer
    - - food intake and overuse of supplements
        
        RDA: 15mg/day
        Seen:800-1200mg/day
        
        vitamin E augments effects of anticoagulants (aspirins ), can lead to uncontrollable bleeding
        
        increased risk of prostate cancer
      - Symptoms: muscles weakness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea
    - - maintains cell membrane integrity
        
        captures free radicals that damage PUFAs present in phospholipid membrane
        
        resides in nuclear and mitochondrial membrane to protect DNA and other cellular compounds from oxidative damage
      - protects against heart disease
        
        reduced platelet aggregation
        
        inhibits protein kinase C needed for platelet aggregation
  - - - no known toxicity symptoms
      - high intake can cause subcutaneous fats under skin to turn yellow (hypercarotenemia) which is not harmful
    - - no known symptoms
      - low intake associated with increased risks of heart disease and cancer
    - - Retinol is more a active form of beta-carotene
        
        liver converts beta-carotene into retinol
    - - neutralizes free radicals especially in lipid membranes and LDL
        
        may reduce risk of cancer and atherosclerosis
      - eyes
        
        beta-carotene concentrated in the macula
        
        protects from age related diseases
      - protects skin from sun damage
      - immune response
        
        anti-inflammatory response demonstrated in rats
    - - Orange-coloured foods
        
        Yams, carrots, squash, cantaloupe, pumpkin, mangoes
      - Green leafy vegetables
      - Red and yellow fruits and vegetables
      - fortified margarine
      - fortified breakfast cereals
- - - - Megadose ≥10X DRI
        
        Excess vitamin C exerted in urine, can also cause diarrhea
        
        Due to inconclusive claims of preventing common cold and cancer
      - Can result in the release of iron from storage protein allowing free iron to cause cellular damage
        
        Free iron acts as a free radical(pro-oxidant)
      - Rebound scurvy
        
        High intake of vitamin C suddenly reduced to normal levels
      - Kidney stones
        
        Increased risk of kidney stones as kidneys must concentrate tube to excrete excess vitamin C
    - - Scurvy: resulting in weakness, petechiae, painful joints, bleeding gums, loose teeth, failure for wounds to heal
      - Widespread tissue breakdown
        
        Reduced collagen synthesis throughout body
      - At risk people: alcoholics, smokers, burn patients
        
        Alcoholics consuming a nutrient-poor diet
        
        Smokers: vitamin C combat free radical damage produced by smoking cigarettes
        
        Burn patients: collagen is needed for skin repair and wound healing
    - - Fruits and Vegetables
        
        Fruits: orange, grapefruit, kiwi, berries, tomatoes
        
        Vegetables:Yams, Broccoli, Asparagus, Parsley, Swiss chard
      - Lost in food preparation: cooking, excessive heat, prolonged exposure of cut surfaces to air, exposure to baking side while cooking
    - - Ascorbic: restores Vitamin E to active antioxidant form
        
        Donates electron to free radicals to do damage to cells(becomes dehydroascorbic acid)
        
        Dehydroascorbic: readily accepts hydrogens to become ascorbic acid
      - Keeps folate (B-vitamin) coenzyme intact
      - Enhances iron absorption by iron dietary iron in reduces oxidation state (Fe2+)
        
        Increased absorption of non-heme iron found in plant foods
      - Synthesis of collagen
        
        Collagen maintains integrity of convective tissues, skin, tendons, scar tissues, blood vessels, gum tissues
        
        Collagen heals wounds and prevents bruising
    - - Ascorbic acid can regenerate active vitamin E once it has neutralized free radicals