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TOPIC 20 - Coggle Diagram
TOPIC 20
4.Modal Auxiliary Verbs.4 paired forms: can/could, might/may shall/should, will/would + dare, must,needn't & ought to.+ semi-modal used to
3 charact. 1-defective or anomalous.2-Followed by bare infinitve (but ought to) 3- they can act as operators and pro-forms.
1.CAN/COULD
1."be able to" "be allowed to" and "have the chance to"
2.could or was were able to = general ability vs. specific situation was/were able to.
3-Can also for suggestions or or decisions.
4-ask and give permission.
5-probability .Could less likely poss. Could + perf-inf. poss in the past.
2.MAY.
1 Ask for permission with the 1 person & give permission.
2. Mustnt & can't are used to deny permission.
3. Possibility or probab. less likely than can or could.
4. Wish (rare use) similar meaning to a subjuntive.
3.MIGHT
.1.Possib or prob. less likely than May.
2.Also in reported speech when the sms in direct speech contains may.
4.SHALL 1.Offers & suggestions mainly in questions. Shall not. 2.Determination or prediction. (less frequent)
5.SHOULD. 1.OBligation or advisable.2.To refer to som that was expected. I wonder where Cris is, he should be here, OUGHT TO is more emphatic and unlike should it is not used in inversions or questions tags.
6.WILL. is used to express futurity with an idea of volition or certainty** that a future event will take place.
- Volition by means of Polite requests.Intention or determination on the part of the speaker.I will ask him out. Orders.**
- decision at the time of speaking. 3. predictions about the future. 4.promising, inviting, offering and in the 1 conditional.
7.WOULD.
1.in the 2 and 3 cond. to give an hypothetical meaning of the lexical verb. 2.Reported Speech when the smss in direct speech contains will. 3.Invitations and requests. 4.something that was repeated in the past.used to(actions)
8.DARE as a modal verb can function as an operator itself Dare you tell me that? .Not frquent in modern Engl. expressions like I dare say.
9 MUST.
1present and future OBLIGATION coming from the speaker. Have to: external obligation. Had to obligation in the past.
2.Prohibition in th e negative form. 3-Logical deduction.
10.NEED TO. As a modal its forms are need/need not and needn't.
1.Lack of obligation. will not have to or did not have to
11. USED TO. past tense of a defective verb which has no present tense. Past habit which is no longer practised. or past routine.
3.Primary Auxiliaries.
DO.
Form.5 forms
Function.
1.Operator:-formation of the - and ?
2.Pro-form to avoid repetition.Question tags, short agreements, additions toremarks, shorts answers..
3.give emphasis with imperative, present simple or past.
BE
Form: 8 forms.
Functions:1.Continuos tenses.
2.Passive forms(also continuos form)
3.Be+to inf.(ought to/have to) newspapers.In condiitonal sentences to express hypothesis.
4.Be about to + infinitive or be on the point of `inf. immediate future. As a semi-aux, too to denote future tense in going to.
Have
Form 4 forms
Functions:1.Perfect tenses.
2.Aux. have to + inf. =must (obligation) or logical necessity.Somebody had to lose the game.
3.Had better + inf. present or future meaning: strong recommendation
4.Causative constructions.Have +object+past participle.
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