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Nucleic Acids & ATP - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Monomer: nucleotides containing; nitrogenous base, ribose sugar and a phosphate group. (ribonucleotide)
        
        The nitrogenous bases in RNA are uracil, cytosine, adenine and guanine.
      - RNA has one polynucleotide chain.
      - There are three types of RNA;
        
        Messenger RNA (mRNA)
        
        Carries messages, genetic information(codons- three-nucleotide sequence) that is coded in DNA from the nucleus/nucleoid region to the place where the protein synthesis will occur, ribosomes, cytoplasm. The protein synthesis takes place according to the information of mRNA. They can be used again and again like enzymes. They are 5% of total RNA molecule.
        
        Transfer RNA (tRNA)
        
        Transfers the amino acids from cytoplasm to the ribosomes according to the information of mRNA. All of the tRNA molecules have a 3 nucleotide place called anticodon.They can be used again and again like enzymes. They are 15% of the total RNA molecules
        
        Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
        
        It is found in the structure of ribosome. It associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes, catalyze the assembly of amino acids into protein chains. It has 80% of all RNA molecules.
      - All RNA are synthesized according to the genetic code on the DNA and reaction is called transcription.
      - RNA molecules are found in cytoplasm and ribosomes in prokaryotes whereas in eukaryotes it can be in nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome, mitochondria and chloroplasts.
    - - Monomer: nucleotides containing; nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group.(deoxyribonucleotide)
        
        The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
        
        Adenine always pairs thymine (A-T) and make 2 hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G) and make 3 hydrogen bonds. The pairing of a purine and a pyrimidine ensures stability and consistency in DNA
      - DNA is a double stranded helix.
        
        It has two polynucleotide strands held together by hydrogen bonds, and the nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester linkages between the sugar of the first nucleotide and phosphate of the next one. A glycosidic bond is a bond between the deoxyribose and the nitrogenous base.
      - DNA stores genetic information, information for protein synthesis and the inheritance of genetic information to the offspring
      - DNA can replicate itself usually before cell division. This reaction is enzymatic and the name of the enzyme is DNA polymerase.
      - DNA is mainly found in nucleus in a cell, mithocondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells; cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.
        
        Prokaryotic DNA is circular, however, in eukaryotes the DNA in nucleus is linear but in chloroplast and mitochondria the DNA is circular
  - - - Pyrimidines have one carbon ring, like Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil
      - Purines have two carbon rings, like Adenine and Guanine
    - - The phosphate group of a nucleotide is linked to the sugar with an ester bond and the 5-carbon sugar is attached to the base with glycosidic bond.
      - With a covalent bonding between the phosphate of the first nucleotide and the sugar of the next, a sugar-phosphate backbone is formed, and additionally, there are hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.