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Education - External Factors - Coggle Diagram
Education - External Factors
Cultural Deprivation
The basic 'cultural equipment' includes things such as language, self-discipline and reasoning skills.
Language:
Feinstein -
Educated parents are more likely to use praise. This encourages children to develop sense of their own competence.
Bereiter & Englemann -
Claim that language used in lower-class homes is deficient. The describe it as communicating by gestures, single words and disjointed phrases
Bernstein -
Identifies differences between working-class and middle-class language that influence achievement.
Restricted Code
Elaborated Code
Parents Education:
Douglas -
Working-class parents placed less value on education.
Feinstein -
Argues parents' own education is the most important factor affecting children's achievement.
Bernstein & Young -
Middle-class mothers are more likely to buy educational toys that encourage reasoning skills and stimulate intellectual development.
Parenting style
Parents' educational behaviour
Use of income
Class, income and parental education
Working-class subculture:
Sugarman -
Argues that working-class subculture has four key features:
Fatalism
Collectivism
Immediate gratification
Present-time orientation
Compensatory education
Keddie -
Cultural deprivation is a myth and sees it as victim blaming.
Material Deprivation
Refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income.
Housing:
Poor housing affects achievement. Overcrowding, nowhere to do homework and disturbed sleep. Child development can be impaired. Child's health and welfare is at risk as well.
Financial support and costs of education:
Bull -
Lack of financial support means that children from poor families have to do without equipment and miss out on experience that would enhance their educational achievement. 'costs of free schooling'
Smith & Noble -
Poverty acts as a barrier to learning in other ways.
Diet & Health:
Howard -
Young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. Poor nutrition affects health.
Wilkinson
- Among ten year olds, lower class, higher rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders, all of which have a negative effect on children's education.
Machin -
Children from low income families more likely to engage in externalising behaviour.
Material factors play a part in achievement, the fact that some children from poor families succeed suggests that it is only part of the explaination.
Mortimore & Whitty -
Argue that material inequalities have the greatest effect on achievement.
Robinson
- Argues tackling child poverty would be the most effective way to boost achievement.
Cultural Capital
Bourdieu -
Three types of capital. Argues both cultural and material factors contribute to education achievement and are not separate but interrelate.
Cultural capital:
Refers to knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes and abilities of the middle class.
Educational capital:
Refers to educational goods that are converted into commodities to be used in the educational system.
Economic capital:
Refers to economic resources, such as cash and property