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PHYSICAL CONVERSION OF BIOMASS - Coggle Diagram
PHYSICAL CONVERSION OF BIOMASS
PHYSICAL CONVERSION
DECOMPOSE BIOMASS STRUCTURE
Milling
Reduce size = increase particle surface-to-volume ratio , promote further treatments or chemical reactions
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267398027_Characterization_of_a_biomass_milling_pilot_plant
Grinding
non-flowable ---> flowable feedstock with particle sizes speeds up biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330642104_Biomass_Grinding_Process_Optimization_Using_Response_Surface_Methodology_and_a_Hybrid_Genetic_Algorithm
Steam explosion
Enhance the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass
https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-016-0567-1
OBTAIN USEFUL COMPONENTS
Separation
Sedimentation
Centrifugation
Distillation
Extraction
Liquid-solid extraction
Drawbacks : Heat reflux extraction (HRE) - require large volume of toxic organic solvents, time consuming
Liquid-liquid extraction
Drawbacks : time consuming, expensive
https://www.intechopen.com/books/biomass-now-sustainable-growth-and-use/biomass-extraction-methods
Ultrasound extraction
Drawbacks : large volumes of toxic and expensive organic solvents.
Microwave-assisted extraction
Solid sample
TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE
Densification - compact the loose biomass
Briquetting
Pelletizing
Drying
Flash dryer
solid biomass mixed with high-velocity solid stream, rapid drying
Superheated steam dryer
Heat solid biomass with steam
Rotary dryer
Hot gas contact with biomass inside rotating drum, better heat & mass transfer
BIOMASS SOURCE : FIREWOOD
Seasoned (dry over time) Firewood : Moisture content <20%
https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1100&context=utk_agexfores#:~:text=Properly%20seasoned%20firewood%20has%20a,moisture%20content%20below%2020%20percent
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Size : 3-6 inches
Used as fuel
Low energy efficiency
Incomplete combustion ---> soot, CO, tar, non-methane volatile organic matter, ash rich in K
Firewood from Lumber/wood industry
Preference : Raw wood > Firewood > Chips, Briquette > Pellet
Raw wood is more preferred because it have wide variety of uses because thermally treated wood such as firewood become more brittle.
Utilization : Raw wood ---> 10-20% char combustion
Toxic gas is released (Eg. CO)
Safe combustion needs to have good air ratio, sufficient O2
PELLETIZING
Compress materials (usually powder) ---> pellet
Medicine (Tablet)
Animal feed in pellets
Iron ore pellets
Wood pellet
Manufacturing : Drying, Pulverizing, Pelletizing, Cooling & Screening processes
Wood Briquette
Characteristics of pellets
Uniform
Uniform in shape resulting in better heat transfer to all parts of pellets when burned, burned evenly
Easy to handle
Can be stored easily in the form of pellets, can be use easily, eco-friendly
Easy to transport
Bulk density increases, compact, not in the form of powder
Burn efficiently
Not in powder form, 100% wood pellets are burned, high calorific value, low amount of ash
http://www.pellet-making.com/blog/wood-pellets-calorific-value.html#:~:text=High%20calorific%20value%2C%20usually%20around,that%20doesn't%20generate%20heat
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Large market
Wood pellets reduce GHG emission when generate electricity when co-fired in coal-based power plants
https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/11/24/2132562/0/en/Outlook-on-the-Wood-Pellet-Global-Market-to-2025-Europe-is-the-Largest-Consumer-as-Well-as-Producer-of-Wood-Pellets.html#:~:text=Wood%20pellets%20reduce%20greenhouse%20gas,in%20coal%2Dbased%20power%20plants.&text=As%20such%2C%20growing%20concerns%20regarding,driving%20the%20global%20market%20growth
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BIO-BRIQUETTES
Characteristics
Composite of Coal Fuel + Biomass (CCB) Coal = 70 - 90%
Biomass = 10 - 30 %
Substitute the use of kerosene derived from fossil fuels
Technology : High pressure Briquetting
COMPOSTING
Mixture of biodegradable organic matter accumulated, mixed and decomposed by heat
Principle : Composting is a controlled process used to decompose organic material by microorganisms naturally found in organic matter and soil.
Decomposition to speed up, these microorganisms require nutrients, oxygen and water.
What can be composted?
Straw, husks, tree bark, animal waste products, organic plant matter, fruit waste, food waste etc.
Advantages
Removes bad odours from kitchen waste by composting
Increase soil fertility by making high quality fertilizer from kitchen waste, cattle manure
Promotes the habit of recycling
Basic Elements
Preprocessing
Adjust moisture : not to wet, not too dry
Organic matter : Use organic matter as green and brown materials
Particle sizes : desized the particles, speed up decomposition processes
Aerate from time to time : allows the micobes in compost to get enough air
Fermentation processing
Fermenting tank
Aeration equipment
Hydrolysis equipment
Product forming processing
Mechanical sorting
Bagging
Current technology
In-Vessel system - enclosed, rigid structure to contain organic materials
Rotating drums
Biocells - hermatically enclosed units, controlled condition for composting
Biodegma system
Biocontainers - smaller than biocells, 6-8 vessels
Biotunnels - specific areas for loading & unloading at reactor, thermally insulated
Green & Brown materials
Green
Food scraps, coffee ground, tea bags, manure, grass clipping
Brown
Dried leaves, Sawdust, Shredded newspaper,
Avoid
Meat, diary, Fish, Bone, Fats
C:N Ratio
Optimal : 25 - 30: 1
Temperature
55-65°C for 15-21 days
Indicators of good compost
Earthy smell
Dark brown - blackish-brown
Ambient temperature
