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Tourism effects and trends (1) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 1. National income
        -measured in terms of gross domestic product (GDP)
        -GDP: the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time
        -tourism leads to higher GDP, stimulates economic activity (rent for the landowner, wages, interest, for loans etc)
        -three components affecting economic contribution of tourists:
         Number of tourists
         Length of stay (stay longer = spend more?)
         Average expenditure (tourism receipts)
      - 2. Employment
        Direct: at businesses where tourists purchase goods or services
        -jobs created as a result of visitor expenditure
        and directly supporting tourism activity
        e.g. tour guides, hotel staff, chef
        Indirect: supplying and supporting industries
        -jobs created within the tourism supply sector but
        not as a direct result of tourism activity
        e.g. taxi drivers, entrepreneurs, food suppliers
        Induced: employees spending in the economy
        -jobs created as a result of tourism expenditure as
        local residents spend money earned form tourism
        e.g. healthcare, security(police)
      - 3. Multiplier effect
        money spent by tourists in an area will be re-spent
        (circulated) by recipients, augmenting the total
        -money “multiplies” as new purchasing power is added
        The multiplier is the factor by which the value of the tourist's spending is increased in the process
        the multiplier effect continues until the money eventually 'leaks' from the
        economy through imports (the purchase of goods from other countries)
        Main reasons for leakage:
        
        Leakage = new money not re-spent within region
        
        Reasons for leakage:
        money spent on importing goods & services to meet needs of tourist
        e.g. petrol for the tour bus, payment to overseas travel agency that tourist used
        remittance of wages by expatriates
        remittance of profits abroad for foreign owned tourism supplier (hotel companies)
        If leakage is high, multiplier will be low and the economy will not benefit greatly from tourism
      - 4. others
        -Economic incentive to improve infrastructure
        that can be enjoyed by residents and tourists
        -Opportunity to be entrepreneurial and start small tourism business e.g. retail shop, restaurants, guide and taxi services
    - - 1. Inflation
        -related to land, property and goods
        -increased demand for land increases price
        -cause negative effects on the local population
        -locals are then forced into competing for land and
        housing with tourism development interests
      - 2. Opportunity costs
        -Relates to time, effort and money of developing
        tourism at the expense of other activities
        -If a nation’s government invests heavily in tourism,
        the money spent is no longer available for other uses
        e.g. using land for attractions instead
        of housing for local residents
      - 3. Overdependence
        -Heavy reliance on a single industry (e.g. tourism)
        for a country/region is risky in the long term
        -Most common and influential types of crises
        that can threaten an area's economy:
         International war or conflict
         Acts of terrorism
         Crime wave, especially against tourists
         Natural disaster
         Epidemics of diseases
      - 4. Seasonality
        -one of the major disadvantages of tourism and
        can cause negative economic impacts
        -high season brings about good revenue from
        tourism but what about the low season?
         E.g. some attractions close during the off-peak
        season and only open during winter (snow)
         E.g. some employees at a theme park will only
        have jobs during the summer season (theme park)
      - 5. Income and employment
         Although tourism brings about employment and increased income,
        many of the higher-paid jobs are not available to local residents
         Income generated by tourism may not benefit the poor in society as tourism spending is leaked out of the destination (e.g. foreign investor of resort)
    - - 1. The role of government in tourism
         Government play an important role in tourism development
         They devote scarce funds to the
        promotion and development of tourism
        -revenues are boosted by taxing the goods and services that visitors buy
        -this shifts a portion of tax burden from local residents to tourists
         Hence, tourism may influence the governments to make favorable decisions on land use for tourism facilities, or on visa-related matters
        (visa waiver, visa on arrivals, etc.)
         Political tugs of war may arise over
        decisions concerning tourism development
        i.e. differing objectives of government, local residents, business owners etc
      - 2. Tourism policy and planning
         Planning involves:
        -predicting the future
        -setting objectives to attain future outcomes
        -outlining and implementing the actions needed to attain these objectives
         Some governments (national, state/provincial, or local) formulate a tourism policy to
        aid in guiding the development of a sustainable tourism industry in its jurisdiction
         It should provide a destination vision, which is defined as an inspirational portrait of the ideal future that the destination hopes to bring about in some defined future (5, 10, 20 years, etc.)
    - - Host community:
         The community that a tourist is visiting
        is often termed the host community
         Local residents share facilities and services with the
        visitors to the area (i.e. they play “host” to the tourists)
         A host community is made up of these four resources:
        -local residents
        -economic systems
        -infrastructure
        -natural resources
      - Tourist-Host encounters:
        Cultural impacts
         Non-material customs
        e.g. dance, folklore, and traditions
         Material customs e.g. crafts and products
         Acculturation
        Social impacts
         Individuals and social relations
         Linguistic/dialect issues
         Health issues
         Religious practice
         Moral standards
        
        Social and cultural impacts (positive)
        
        Visitors and locals learn about each other,
        their differences, and their similarities
        
        Become aware of new tastes and ways of thinking, which may lead to increased tolerance between hosts and tourists
        
        Attainment of “critical mass” of interest necessary
        to maintain the viability of a host community’s culture,
        i.e. native arts and craft, etc.
        
        Improved standards of living and greater
        educational opportunities, especially for women
        and young people in less-developed countries
        
        preserve the region's historical and natural sites
        
        Social and cultural impacts (negative)
         Tourists may cause overcrowding or bring
        along behaviour unfamiliar to host community
         May lead to resentment by locals when they
        now have to "share" resources and facilities
      - VENEXODUS:
         More than 60,000 tourists arrive in Venice each day
        -a tally that now dwarfs the city's full time residents
         It now has less than 55,000 people, compared to 100,000 40 years ago. compared to Pompeii
         "Venetians are not against tourists. It's right for
        tourists to visit Venice, but it is also right for its
        inhabitants to be able to be live there. The challenge
        is to reconcile these two different worlds."
         the cost of accommodation has rocketed, as private owners rent out apartments for short-term lets
         lack of job diversity - because
        the only work here is in tourism
         Shops serving locals such as those selling groceries and hardware have been replaced by grocery stores
      - Consequences of tourism on culture:
        1. Acculturation
         Acculturation is a process in which members of host community
        adopt the beliefs and behaviours of another group (outsiders)
         It tends to manifest itself gradually, over time/years
         Cultural changes may result from tourism
        e.g. In Nepal, there is now an obvious ‘westernization’
        of Kathmandu as a result of tourism
        2. Demonstration effect
         When rural communities and cultures adopt ‘western’ style and
        behaviour that they observed in tourists through demonstration and interaction.
         Usually a problem in lower-income destinations
         Local residents view foreign tourists as being “wealthy”
        and in possession of “all good things in life”, encouraged to imitate
         May result in envy and resentment from locals; increase in crimes such as theft
         Young people in poorer regions (i.e. farming areas) may move to the
        city for tourism jobs (higher paying) and this may cause a rift in family ties
        3. Displacement
         Various instances of local people being moved away from their
        place of residence to make way for tourism development have been recorded
        e.g. land is used for construction of hotels, golf courses
    - - Environmental impacts:
         Since mass travel started, there have been concerns about the desirability of tourism
         In many locations of the world, tourism development has taken place with
        little regard for the natural environment
         There is thus an increased awareness
        to manage and protect the environment
      - Environmental impacts (positive)
         Conservation of redundant and/or historic buildings for alternative use
        -shop houses in SG turned into hipster cafes
         Enhancement of local environment
        -infrastructure such as roads and toilets built
         Protection of wildlife
        -rules are in place to protect wildlife in nature reserves,
        fees are imposed for all visitors when visiting nature
        parks to protect wildlife and preserve flora and fauna
        **Environmental impacts (negative)
        
        loss of natural habitat and effects on wildlife**
         animals, birds, etc are forced to leave their habitats due to tourists
        
        2. pollution
         The introduction of harmful
        materials into the environment
         E.g. Air, water, land pollution (littering)
        3. loss of spirit (i.e ambience/atmosphere)
         E.g. ambience and atmosphere of a religious place is
        compromised after tourists’ visits, i.e. no longer peaceful and quiet
        4. overcrowding and traffic congestion
         too many tourists at a popular tourist destination
        leads to overcrowding, both human and vehicles)
        5. wear and tear
         damage by users such as mountain bikers,
        off-road vehicles to a nature reserve