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Antioxidants, Liver converts beta-carotene to retinol (most active form of…

- - - - Donates electrons to free radicals to prevent oxidative damage
      - Keeps folate coenzyme intact
    - - Collagen synthesis
        
        Functions of collagen
        
        Maintain integrity of connective tissue, skin, tendons, scar tissue, blood vessels, gum tissue
        
        Prevent bruising, ensures wound healing
      - Enhances iron absorption
        
        Increases absorption of non-heme iron found in plant foods
        
        Keeps dietary iron in reduced state for increased absorption
  - - - Alcoholics
        
        Nutrient-poor diet, malabsorption, increased urinary excretion can deplete vitamin C
      - Smokers
        
        Vitamin C used to combat oxidant produced by smoking
      - Burn patients
        
        Needed for wound healing and skin repair
    - - Symptoms
        
        Weakness
        
        Petechiae (pinpoint hemorrhages on face and limbs)
        
        Bleeding gums
        
        Loose teeth
        
        Painful joins
        
        Failure of wounds to heal
        
        Widespread tissue breakdown
      - Treatment
        
        ~ 5 days of 100 mg intake per day to reverse symptoms
  - - - Release iron from proteins; promotes free radicals
    - - High intakes of vitamin C quickly reduced to normal levels
    - - Increased risk of stone formation in renal patients
    - - Preventing common cold
      - Preventing cancer
  - - - Yams
      - Parsley
      - Broccoli
      - Asparagus
      - Swiss chard
    - - Citrus
        
        Oranges
        
        Grapefruit
      - Kiwi
      - Berries
      - Tomatoes
    - - Cooking
      - Exposure to heat, oxygen, baking soda
  - - - Males: 90mg/day
      - Females: 75mg/day
      - Smokers: +35mg/day
  - - - Ascorbic acid (reduced form)
      - Dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized form)
- - - - Harnesses oxygen-based free radicals found in cell membranes
        
        Reduces damages to polyunsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids
      - Within lung cell membranes (high oxygen environment)
      - Within mitochondrial and nuclear membranes
        
        Protects against oxidizing damage to cell components, such as DNA
        
        Decreases risk of cancer
    - - Inhibition of protein kinase C
        
        Reduced platelet aggregation
        
        Heart disease protection
        
        Essential for reproduction
  - - - Mostly fat tissue
      - Some in cell membranes
      - Some in the liver
    - - Synthesized by plants
      - Example of active form in the human body: alpha-tocopherol
  - - - Cause
        
        Improper supplement usage
      - Symptoms
        
        Muscle weakness
        
        Fatigue
        
        Nausea
        
        Diarrhea
      - Can alter effectiveness of anticoagulants
        
        Excessive bleeding
  - - - Increased risk for preterm infants
        
        Increased need for this vitamin in the high oxygen environment of an incubator
        
        Later weeks of pregnancy is when vitamin E is transferred to the fetus
      - Red blood cells decrease in ability to carry oxygen
        
        Hemolytic anemia
        
        Fatigue
        
        Lethargy
- - - - Animal Foods
        
        Liver
        
        Fish oils
        
        Eggs (yolk)
        
        Milk, fortified
        
        Butter, cheese
    - - Vision
        
        Retina
        
        Rods
        
        Cones
        
        Cornea
        
        Macula
      - Growth and Development
        
        Cell Differentiation
        
        Retinoic acids act on DNA to code for specific proteins
        
        Bone
        
        Vitamin A needed by enzymes in osteoclasts to permit breakdown of bone to all for growth
      - Health of Mucus Membranes in Epithelial Tissues
        
        Protects against infections in
        
        skin
        
        lungs
        
        cornea
        
        urinary tract
        
        bladder
      - Immune Funciton
        
        Vitamin A is required to produce immune cells
    - - None
    - - Vision
        
        Retina
        
        Night blindness
        
        which is the
        
        slow sight recovery from flashes of light under dim conditions
        
        Cornea
        
        Disease
        
        named
        
        Xerophthalmia
        
        leads to
        
        1 more item...
        
        Treatment
        
        Supplements
      - Growth, Development, & Reproduction
        
        Children fail to grow properly
        
        Animals cannot reproduce
        
        Improper jaw development
      - Immune Function
        
        causes
        
        measles in children
        
        especially
        
        in developing countries
      - Health of mucus membranes in epithelial cells
        
        Decrease mucus production
        
        Keratinization of cells
        
        which leads to
        
        increased risk of infections in
        
        eye
        
        GI tract
        
        respiratory tract
        
        urinary tract
        
        decrease in absorption through intestinal cells
    - - Causes
        
        Food Intake
        
        only from animal foods
        
        Supplement
        
        Medical Treatment for Acne
        
        Accutane (oral)
        
        Retin-A (topical; anti-aging)
      - Symptoms
        
        Loss of appetite, nausea, headaches
        
        Dry skin
        
        Enlarged liver, spleen
        
        Bone defects
      - Types
        
        Acute
        
        single large dose
        
        Chronic
        
        regular intakes of ~10x DRI over a period of time
        
        Teratogenic
        
        supplemental vitamin A while pregnant
    - - Retinal
      - Retinol #
      - Retinoic Acid
  - - - Food Source
        
        Plant Foods
        
        Dark green and orange vegetables
        
        Broccoli
        
        Squash
        
        Spinach
        
        Yams
        
        Orange and red fruit
        
        Mango
        
        Tomato
        
        Margarine, fortified
        
        Breakfast cereal, fortified
      - Antioxidant Role
        
        Protects against oxidation of cell membranes and LDL
        
        Relatively weak antioxidant compared to vitamin E
      - Non-antioxidant role
        
        Immune System Support
        
        Anti-inflammatory at moderate doses
        
        Pro-inflammatory at higher doses
        
        Skin
        
        Protect against sun damage
        
        Eyes
        
        Protect against age-related changes in the macula
      - Deficiency
        
        No known deficiency symptoms
        
        however
        
        May contribute to increase damage to DNA and onset of epithelial cancers, heart disease
      - Storage
        
        Subcutaneous Fat Layer
        
        Liver
        
        Adipose Tissue
      - Toxicity
        
        No known toxicity
        
        but may lead to
        
        Hypercarotenemia
        
        which turns your skin orange
- - - - Severe joint pain
      - Heart muscle disease - Caridomyopathy aka Keshan’s disease
  - - - Vomiting
      - Nausea
      - Irritability
  - - - Cofactors for glutathione peroxide enzyme that protects cell membranes
      - Reduces production of free radicals
    - - Converts T4 (thyroxine) to T3 (triiodothyronine)
        
        T3 has the greatest biological activity
      - Conversion of thyroid hormones help regulate basal metabolism, growth, development and body temperature
  - - - Milk
      - Seafood, shellfish
      - Liver, meats
      - Eggs
    - - Whole grains
      - Seeds and produce grown on Se rich soil
      - Brazil
      - Vegetables
        
        Yams
        
        Parsley
        
        Broccoli
        
        Asparagus
        
        Swiss chard
  - - - No need to supplement
  - - - Most common forms
        
        Selenocysteine (active Se)
        
        Selenomethionine (storage Se)