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History of the Middle East (Part 3.5: the Turks), At their peak, the…

- - - - Although initially working as warriors for the Samanids and Mahmud of Ghazna (971-1030), they eventually got a realm of their own and by 1063 ruled from Mesopotamia to western Iran.
    - - Alp-Arslan (1029-1072) greatly expanded the empire and defeated an immense Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert (1071), capturing emperor Romanus IV Diogenes and opening the way for Turkmen tribesmen to settle in Anatolia.
  - - - Even with the First Crusade (1096-1099), the rulers refused to work together and kept fighting one another, resulting in a Christian victory.
- - - - Since their empire was too large to rule, it was divided with the brother of the ruler, who served as Yabghu in the West.
- - - - After repelling the Muslims, they asserted their dominance over local tribes such as the Bulgars, who ran away to Europe.
- - - - In 966, when the male line of his master was extinct, he became free and gained influence in the government and military.
  - - - He fought invaders from the North and raided India 17 times, gaining great wealth.