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History of the Middle East (Part 3: Islam), Shia muslims don't see the…

- - - - Abu Bakr still had to fight the Ridda Wars (632-633) against tribes that said they owed him no loyalty to a non-relative of Muhammad.
  - - - Omar quickly conquered Egypt and crushed the Sasanian Empire (224–651) at the Battle of Nahavand (642), taking advantage of religious conflicts around him, but in 644 he was assassinated by the Persian Piruz Nahavandi.
  - - - After the death of Uthman, Ali was finally elected caliph, but a civil war erupted over his claim and after the Battle of Siffin (657) a stalemate divided the empire into two and Ali was later assassinated by radicals, allowing the Umayyad Caliphate to simply take everything.
- - - - After his death in 680, Yazid took power by threatening the electors, resulting in the Second Fitna or civil war, and he died besieging a rebel city.
  - - - He also had to deal with many invasions, creating such instability that his successor, Al-Walid II, was easily overthrown by Yazid III.
- - - - For the purpose of centralization, the city of Baghdad in 762 to serve as a new capital and other religions started being suppressed.