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DERIVATION VALUE-ADDED PRODUCT FROM BIOMASS - Coggle Diagram
DERIVATION VALUE-ADDED PRODUCT FROM BIOMASS
TYPES OF BIOMASS RESOURCES
WOODY
Lignocellulose
Cellulose
Rich in sugar to be use in fermentation
Hemicellulose
Rich in sugar, use in fermentation
Lignin
Hydrophobic and resistant to chemical & biological degradation
Forest Biomass
Hardwood forest
Willow, Poplars, Birch
Growth rate
Temperature
Soil
Deforestation & Re-plant forest
HERBACEOUS
Grasses
Food crops
Not preferred usually only use crops that are planted only for biomass conversion (Eg, Maize)
Rice straw, husk
Preferred because does not compete with human food resources
AGRICULTURAL & WOODEN WASTE
Cereals
Wheat : Chaff
Rhizomic crops
Turmeric : Leaves, stems, corncobs
Sugarcane
Cane tops, leaves, roots
Wood residuals
Trees Harvest = Trees Grow
Carbon neutral - CO2 level maintained
Technologies : energy efficient
Industries : Sawdust, bark, Log slabs
Products usage : wood composite, livestock bedding, compost, wooden pellet for fuel
OIL PRODUCING BIOMASS
Palm Oil
Cooking oil
Industrial raw material
Biodiesel
SUGAR & STARCH CROPS
Fermented to biofuel (saccharides)
Primary Starch Crops
Rice, potato, corn, wheat, cassava
Primary Sugar Crops
Sugarcane, sugar beet
AQUATIC PLANT BIOMASS
In freshwater
Seed plants, seaweeds, algae & micro-algae
Products : polysaccharides, alginic acid, medicine, cosmetics etc.
Cultivation requirements : Specific pH, Temperature
WASTE & BIOMASS WASTE POTENTIAL
BLACK LIQUOR
Waste liquor from the kraft pulping process
fine organics, various chemicals, and water as a mixture
Burned as fuel in recovery boiler of pulp mill.
Black liquor concentrated = maximize the heat recovery.
[Pulping Fundamentals]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128142400000124
BAGASSE
25 - 30% from sugarcane production
Products : Biofuel, Biodegradable containers, charcoal, bricks
CORN COB
[Corn Cob Biomass in Europe]
https://farm-energy.extension.org/corn-cobs-for-biofuel-production/#:~:text=Current%20Potential%20for%20Use%20as%20Biofuel&text=As%20a%20direct%20heat%20source,a%20cost%20of%20%242.35%2Fgal
.
Biofuel
Corn Charcoal (pellet)
Feedstock
Cellulosic ethanol
Co-firing
Gasification
DEVELOPMENT OF VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS
ANIMAL WASTE
Livestock feces, urine, slaughterhouse residue, meat processing factory waste - rich in Nitrogen & Phosphorus
Animal Manure
Cattle manure fiber ---> fermentable reducing sugars by acid and enzymatic hydrolysis.
Dairy manure ---> cellulase enzymes by fungal-culture process
Utilization : biogas, compost, vermicompost increase crop yield and sustainability
[Eco-friendly and modern methods of livestock waste recycling for enhancing farm profitability]
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40093-014-0050-6
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Food waste, paper etc.
Biological transformation
Biogasification - anaerobic digestion (Eg. Methane fermentation)
[Methane production]
http://www.fao.org/3/w7241e/w7241e0f.htm
Composting (waste broken down by microbes) - increase crop yield, eco-friendly fertilizers
Drawbacks : if not properly done ---> bad odours & GHG emission
Thermal transformation
Incineration ---> heat and energy
Drawbacks : air pollution, valuable chemicals from waste - lost
Pyrolysis ---> char + condensable gases (into pyrolytic liquid - bio-oil)
(conditions : low O2, 300°C - 650°C)
[Green conversion of municipal solid wastes into fuels and chemicals]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0717345817300040
FOOD PROCESSING WASTE
TREATMENT
Thermal
Combustion, Gasification, and Pyrolysis
Mechanical
Pretreatment : Shock treatment (usually combine with oxidative lime pretreatment = speed up digestion process of biomass)
[Mechanical pretreatment of biomass – Part II: Shock treatment]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0961953419301436
Chemical
Pretreatment : Dilute acid treatment
[Pretreatment Process of Biomass]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044463992900015X
Solid
Gasification of oil palm bunches - bio-oil
Liquid
Wastewater treatment from food processing - biofuel generated from sludge
[Wastewater Management]
https://www.intechopen.com/books/food-industry/water-and-wastewater-management-and-biomass-to-energy-conversion-in-a-meat-processing-plant-in-brazi
