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Industrialization Spreads - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Later Expansion of U.S. Industry
        
        During the last third of the 1800s, the country experienced a technological boom. Indeed, the railroads themselves proved to be a profitable busi- ness. By the end of the 1800s, a limited number of large, powerful companies con- trolled more than two-thirds of the nation’s railroad tracks. Businesses of all kinds began to merge as the railroads had.
    - - The Rise of Corporations
        
        In the late 1800s, large corporations such as Standard Oil and the Carnegie Steel Company sprang up. They sought to control every aspect of their own industries in order to make big profits. In the United States as elsewhere, workers earned low wages for laboring long hours, while stockholders earned high profits and corporate leaders made fortunes.
- - - - Belgium led Europe in adopting Britain’s new technology. As in the United States, British skilled workers played a key role in industrializing Belgium. Much like him, a Lancashire carpenter named William Cockerill illegally made his way to Belgium in 1799. His son John eventually built an enormous industrial enterprise in eastern Belgium.
        Carrying the latest British advances, more British workers came to work with Cockerill.
    - - Germany was politically divided in the early 1800s. Economic isolation and scattered resources hampered countrywide industrialization. Beginning around 1835, Germany began to copy the British model. Germany imported British equipment and engineers. Most important, Germany built railroads that linked its growing manufacturing cities, such as Frankfurt, with the Ruhr Valley’s coal and iron ore deposits.
    - - In the rest of Europe, as in Germany, industri- alization during the early 1800s proceeded by region rather than by country. Even in countries where agriculture dominated, pockets of industrialization arose. Serf labor ran factories in regions around Moscow and St. Petersburg.
      - In France, sustained industrial growth occurred after 1830. French industrial- ization was more measured and controlled than in other countries because the agricultural economy remained strong. For a variety of reasons, many European countries did not industrialize. In some nations, the social structure delayed the adoption of new methods of production.
- - - - Industrialization widened the wealth gap between industrialized and nonindustrialized coun- tries, even while it strengthened their economic ties. In turn, industrialized countries viewed poor countries as markets for their manufactured products.
        States, Russia, and Japan followed Britain’s lead, seizing colonies for their eco- nomic resources. Imperialism, the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands, gave even more power and wealth to these already wealthy nations.
    - - Between 1700 and 1900, revolutions in agriculture, production, transportation, and communication changed the lives of people in Western Europe and the United States. In contrast, the economies of Asia and Africa were still based on agriculture and small workshops. Despite the hardships early urban work- ers suffered, population, health, and wealth eventually rose dramatically in all industrialized countries.