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Week 7 - Law and Hate Crime - Coggle Diagram
Week 7 - Law and Hate Crime
Defining Hate Crime
Perspective Based
Victim only has to feel targeted
Issues of sentencing
Empowers victims
Evidential difficult at courts
Gap between reports and prosecuted
Incitement to hatred
Overlaps with gang crimes, T, political violence + war
NPCC and CPS
Motivation
Incident
Crime
Incitement
Legislation - complicated, expanding, patchy
Hate Crimes - C+D act 1988 - race/religion - not all crimes covered
Enhanced Sentencing - CJ Act 2003
Aggravting factors
Hostility towards race/religion
Sexual orientation + disability
Sentencing and Punishing Offenders Act 2012 - Trans
Stirring up hatred - PO act 1986 - Incitement to race, or sexual orientation
Police Statistics
Monitored Hate Crimes --> Race, religion, sexual orientation, disability, transgender identity
Forms of Hate crime --> Physical attacks, threat, verbal abuse, cyberhate
3 key factors --> Willingness to report, recognition of hate by officers, increase in perps
Police Strategy/ Operational Guidance
2005 National Policing Hate crime strategy
Postivley respond
Increase trust/confidence
Improve investigation/prosecution
Better understanding of nature and extent
Reduce underreporting
2014 Hate Crime operational guidance
Detailed definitions
Legislative and sentencing framework
Data sharing partnerships
Minimum standards
Intelligence and performance
Sport and internet HC
CPS legal guidance
Hostility may be motivated by other reasons
Proving demonstration of hostility
Throw away slurs?
Motivation
Always racists?
Rule of not accepting guilt for lesser charge
Aggravated offences have larger punishments
Positive Practice
Gwent Police
Hate Crime champions
Contact victims + provide support
Effective audit arrangements
Cyber community support officer
Help officers understand reports by trans (Manch)
Risk assessments (Noting)
Work with partner organisations (W York)
Involving local communities in scrutinizing approach (W York)
Negative practice
Victims receive inconsistent advice
Officers reluctant to probe victims
HC not recorded properly
Failed to gather data
Ill equipped for online HC
Poor risk assessment
Not all victims referred for support