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Chapter 16: Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development -…
Chapter 16: Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development
Concepts
Protein synthesis
Gene
codes for amino acid sequence
DNA
4 deoxyribo nucleic acid monomers.
A,T,G,C
Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA Techniques.
Transcription of Genes
synthesis of RNA
Alternative Splicing
Removal of eons or introns
Differential Activation Of Gene
The Genetic Code
Codons
Start Codon
AUG
Stop Codon
UAA,UAG,UGA
Universal
Same on all living organisms.
Structure of Genes
Structural Region
Codes for amino acids
Promoter region
regulates mRNA synthesis.
Protein Synthesis
Ribosomes
80S
eukaryotes
70S
plastids,mitochondria and prokaryotes
RNAs
tRNA
has anticodon
carries amino acids to ribosome
mRNA Translation
Initiation of translation
start codon AUG
Eukaryotic initiation Factor
small sub unit binding
position and alignment is crucial.
Elongation of Protein Chain
A and P channels
performed by large subunit proteins.
powered by GTP
Termination of translation
stop codon on A channel
broken high energy bond
release factors enters
Control of protein Levels
Transcription factors
trans-acting factors
cis-acting factors
cell specific unique enzyme
micro-RNAs
rate of translation
processing of proteins
Storing Genetic Information
mRNA
nuclear envelope
Analysis of Genes and Recombinant DNA Techniques
DNA Hybridization
cooling of single stranded DNA solution
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
H-bond breakage
DNA Denaturation
single stranded DNA molecule
Restriction Endonuclease
Bacterial enzyme
palindromes sequence
DNA ligase
DNA Cloning
placing DNA Fragments into bacteria
plasmid: act like bacterial chromosome
Vector
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
uses enzymes
DNA sequence amplified
example: cDNA made from small mRNA
Genetic engineering of Plants
allow insertion of genes that does not belong to it.
eg: cotton plant having
Bacillus thuringiensis
GMOs hated by people
Eg: Golden Rice
CRISPR-Cas9
Edits DNA
synthesize guide RNA
