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Fossilization, Input Plus One, Suggestopedia, Direct Method, Structural…
Fossilization
Example
Example: Many advanced level learners who have Spanish as an L1 do not distinguish between ‘he' and ‘she'. This could be a fossilized error.
Example: Someone who speaks Spanish as an L2 knows enough of the language to communicate enough to get the idea across. The language might seem broken but the speaker know enough to serve his or her needs. They may feel their language is good enough.
What is it? Fossilization refers to the process in which incorrect language becomes a habit and cannot easily be corrected. Fossilization is the presence of certain kinds of errors that persist in the speech of an adult second language learner.
What is it like? Errors in general take time to correct but a fossilized error may never be corrected unless the learner sees a reason to do so. For some learners, some errors have seem to become a permanent part of the their new spoken and written language.
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Input Plus One
What is it? Input Plus one. This states that learners progress in their knowledge of the language when they comprehend language input that is slightly more advanced than their current level. Krashen called this level of input "i+1", where "i" is the learner's interlanguage and "+1" is the next stage of language acquisition.
What is it like? A teacher job is to find ways to make input comprehensible. Students acquire a language when they receive input that is slightly beyond their current level. The i+1 expression is our key to understanding Krashen's hypothesis. If we are only providing the i level of language exposure to our students, we are not challenging them enough to acquire new language. On the other hand, if we provide i+2, we are giving our students a challenge that is too difficult to achieve. This often leads to frustration, decreased motivation and the desire to simply give up.
For example, if we acquire the rules of language in a linear order (1, 2, 3...), then i represents the last rule or language form learned, and i+1 is the next structure that should be learned.
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Non-Example: Always teaching at the same level and never increasing, which in return make student stagnant with no growth.
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Suggestopedia
What is it? Suggestopedia is a relaxed setting can help student learn language effortlessly. The name combines the terms "suggestion" and "pedagogy", the main idea being that accelerated learning can take place when accompanied by de-suggestion of psychological barriers and positive suggestion.
What is it like? This method enables students to learn the language in the nice, calm environment in the classroom during the lessons.
Examples: One of the main aims in this method is to make the classroom environment cozy for the learners. Hence it includes the comfortable chairs, dim lighting and special kind of music. To increase the stage of relaxation among students calm music is played as the background to the lesson.
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Direct Method
What is it? The direct method focuses on full immersion in the classroom environment where not one word of the students’ native language is spoken. The focus is not on grammar but instead on learning through listening and speaking.
What is it like? Its like being submerge into a new language and having to adapt and learn the new language.
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Examples: No Translating. Oral Communication. Using Props, pictures, visual cues, listening, participating, speaking, and repetition.
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Structural Analysis
What is it? Structural analysis is the process of breaking words down into their basic parts to determine word meaning. Structural Analysis is a strategy that is used to facilitate decoding as students become more proficient readers. These advanced decoding strategies help students learn parts of words so they can more easily decode unknown multi-‐syllabic words. In structural analysis, students are taught to read prefixes and suffixes.
What is it like? Structural analysis helps students not feel overwhelmed with words. They can break the words into parts to solve the word. This approach can also help student in learning the meanings of the parts of the words.
For example, “The new word is unhappy. Un- means ‘not’ and happy means ‘with joy,’ so unhappy means ‘not happy’ or ‘without joy.”
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