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Ginger - Coggle Diagram

- - - - sub-optimal
        
        lower temperatures
        
        <1500 mm of rain per year
    - - plowing begins
        
        end of rainy season
        
        Late September-early October
        
        repeated 3-5 times
      - planting
        
        2-3 months after land prep.
        
        February- January
  - - - Production, processing and marketing (Endrias Geta)
  - - - 13th century
    - - Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS)
        
        Kambata-Tambaro
        
        Wolaita
        
        Hadiya
  - - - dried and fresh ginger
        
        exhibit
        
        aroma
        
        flavor
        
        pungency
        
        yellow leaves
      - manually
        
        outer surface of ginger
        
        can be
        
        damaged
        
        not damaged
    - - one-season harvesting
        
        mature ginger rhizomes
        
        one growing season
        
        8-9 months
        
        late september-march
        
        leaves turn yellow
      - perennated harvesting
        
        ginger grown
        
        perenial crop
        
        matured ginger rhizomes
        
        left
        
        2 or moresuccessive seasona
  - - - Underground storage method
        
        not common
        
        ginger rhizomes from previous crop
        
        kept in ground, not harvested
        
        planting time
        
        harvested
        
        rhizomes
        
        cut into pieces
        
        planted
        
        1 more item...
      - Indoor storage method
        
        most common
        
        ginger rhizomes of previous crop
        
        cut up
        
        stored in plastic sack
        
        stored in residential house
        
        15 days
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Characterization of Essential Oils and Fatty Acids Composition of Stroed Ginger (Udourioh)
        
        extensive cultivation
        
        Jamaica
        
        Mexico
        
        Hawaii
        
        India
        
        China
        
        Africa
- - - - Effects of inhaled ginger aromatherapy on chemotherapy-induced nausea (Lua Pei Lin)
        
        chemotherapy
        
        symptoms
        
        vomiting
        
        nausea
        
        Study qualifications
        
        females 18 and above
        
        diagnosed with breast cancer
        
        received chemotherapy
        
        symptoms of nausea and vomiting
        
        treatment
        
        aromatherapy necklace with crystal chamber
        
        worn 20cm from the nose
        
        filled with either
        
        ginger essential oil
        
        ginger fragrance oil
        
        scent breathed in either
        
        3 times a day
        
        3 periods
        
        2 min. duration
        
        3 times a day
        
        total of 5 days
        
        Results
        
        No significant effect of aromatherapy
        
        on nausea severity
        
        on vomiting severity
        
        limited effects in reducing
        
        chemo-induced nausea and vomiting
        
        SIDE EFFECTS
        
        minimal
        
        gastrrointestinal
        
        heart burn
        
        diarrhea
        
        mouth irritation
    - - Ginger essential oil and fractions against Mycobacterium spp. (Balkdin)
        
        Mycobacterium tuberculosis
        
        causeative agent of tuberculosis
        
        ginger essential oil
        
        anti-microbrial properties
        
        used in Ghana. Uganda
        
        to treat TB related symptoms
        
        Study Done
        
        Ginger essential oil
        
        rendered 11 fractions
        
        all tested
        
        Fraction 2,3 and 10
        
        1 more item...
        
        Fraction 1,6 and 9
        
        1 more item...
        
        Results
        
        ginger essential oil
        
        positive activity
        
        against
        
        1 more item...
        
        not possible
        
        to attribute
        
        1 more item...
    - - Characterization of Essential Oils and Fatty Acids Composition of Stored Ginger (Udourioh)
        
        Ginger
        
        Other names
        
        Cithar
        
        Nijeria
        
        Atale
        
        Yoruba
        
        Jinja
        
        Igbo
        
        found in
        
        South- Eastern Asia
        
        India
        
        essential oils
        
        not involved with
        
        seed germination
        
        early growth
        
        Study done
        
        essential oils & fatty acids
        
        extracted
        
        using
        
        hydro-distillation unit
        
        analyzed
        
        GC/MS
        
        composition
        
        6 more items...
        
        components
        
        3 more items...
        
        Fatty acid composition
        
        6 more items...
        
        OVERALL
        
        Ginger essential oil & Fatty acid
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Structural mechanisms underlying activation of TRPV1 (Yue Yin)
        
        deals with spiciness of ginger
        
        similar to chilis
        
        receptor
        
        capsaicin
        
        ginger compound
        
        resemlbes
        
        capsaicin
        
        orientation and hydrogen bonds
        
        target
        
        noiceptive trVP1 ion
        
        produce
        
        pungency
    - - Characterization of Essential Oils and Fatty Acids Composition of Stored Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) (Udourioh)
        
        ginger essential oil
        
        culinary
        
        flavoring agent
        
        cookies
        
        biscuits
        
        cake
        
        main flavor of
        
        giner ale
        
        beverages
        
        sweet
        
        carbonated
        
        non-alcoholic
  - - - THE EFFECT OF THE DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION AND PROPORTION OF MIXTURES OF ACTARA INSECTICIDE AND GINGER OIL IN THE MORTALITY RATE OF LARVAE OF GREATER WAX MOTH, GALLERIA MELLONELLA L.
        
        Sofyan H. Sedo Al-Sinjari
      - Pest
        
        Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella
        
        on
        
        honey bee colonies
      - Chemical insecticide
        
        containing
        
        sulfur
        
        para dichloro benzene
        
        calcium cyanide
        
        harmful to bee population
      - study done
        
        using
        
        plant based insecticide
        
        containing
        
        Actara
        
        Ginger oil
        
        diluted with ethanol
        
        spray method, in lab
        
        mixing ratios
        
        1:1 (insecticide: Ginger Oil)
        
        1:2
        
        1:3
        
        Larvae used
        
        3rd and 5th instar
        
        between 2 successive molts
      - Results
        
        mortality rate increased
        
        with increasing concentration
        
        3rd instar
        
        higher sensitivity
        
        than
        
        5th instar
        
        rate of mortality increased
        
        with
        
        1:1 ratio
        
        1:2 ratio
        
        1:3
        
        newly hatched larvae
        
        more sentitive
        
        sensitivity
        
        decreased
        
        age of larvae
        
        ginger oil extract
        
        increased toxicity
        
        of insecticide
        
        5th instar
        
        rate of mortality increase
        
        1:1 ratio
        
        1:2 ratio
        
        1:3 ratio
        
        insecticide mixture
        
        increases mortality rate
        
        toxicity effect
        
        varied
        
        with concentration
  - - - Pharmacological uses and health benefits of ginger (Mohamad Shahrajabian)
        
        Food uses
        
        Ginger leaves
        
        food flavoring
        
        china
        
        Asian traditional medicine
        
        spices
        
        bakery products
        
        soft drinks/beverages
        
        ginger oil
        
        confectionary items
        
        pickles
        
        sauces
        
        preservatives
        
        Ginger
        
        earliest oriental species
        
        Europe
        
        9th century
        
        13th century
        
        spice
        
        known in
        
        Germany & France
        
        9th century
        
        England
        
        10th century
        
        1 more item...
        
        different names
        
        Zingiberis rhizome
        
        Asia ginger
        
        African ginger
        
        Jamaican ginger
    - - A Spice in Vogue (Michael Hailu)
        
        Ginger
        
        common in
        
        India
        
        lead producer
        
        originating from here
        
        Nigeria
        
        Cameroon
        
        Cote d'Ivoire
        
        Ethiopa
        
        2006-2007
        
        ginger price drop
        
        1 more item...
        
        Fiji
        
        ginger is prized
        
        mid 1990s
        
        crop devestated
        
        1 more item...
        
        2010
        
        growth boomed
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Ginger extract versus Loratadine in treatmet of allergic rhinitits (Yamprasert)
        
        study done
        
        Patients with allergic rhinitis
        
        non-infectious immune disease
        
        80 patients
        
        18-70 years old
        
        randomized into 2 groups
        
        Ginger
        
        Dried rhizomes
        
        mechanically powdered
        
        extracted by maceration
        
        1 more item...
        
        put in
        
        500 mg capsules
        
        randomized, controlled trial
        
        Loratadine
        
        10mg of micronized loratadine
        
        same 500mg capsules
        
        Results
        
        ginger extract
        
        excellent
        
        anti-allergic
        
        anti-inflammatory agent
        
        safe to use
        
        mild GI side effects
        
        better than loratadine
        
        in helping with
        
        4 more items...
        
        in Thai traditional medicine
        
        treats
        
        cold
        
        constipation
        
        sleeplessness
        
        flatulence
        
        Indian & Chinese medicine
        
        asthma
        
        nausea
        
        arthritis
        
        in vivo study
        
        oral administration
        
        2% concentration
        
        decreased
        
        nasal sneezing and rubbing
- - - - medicinal parts used
        
        root
        
        https://www.eatingwell.com/article/290281/health-benefits-of-ginger/
      - Other names
        
        Ginger Kid
      - ginger
        
        creeping perinnial
        
        thick tuberous rhizome
      - Active compounds
        
        vary depending on origin
        
        Volatile oil
        
        zingiberene and arcurcumene
        
        beta-bisaboline & arcurcumene
        
        chief components (Gingerols)
        
        [6] -gingerol
        
        pungency
        
        [8]-gingerol
        
        [10]-gingerol
      - Medicinal uses
        
        inotropic
        
        contraction of muscles
        
        antithrombotic
        
        blood clots
        
        anti-migrane
        
        antilipidemic
        
        cholesterol
  - - - Used in China and India
        
        Headaches
        
        nausea
        
        vomiting
        
        rheumatism
        
        colds
      - Gingerol
        
        responsible for strong ginger smell
  - - - Zingiber officinale
        
        herbaceous
        
        perennial
        
        broad leaves
        
        3-4 ft in height
        
        stem surrounded
        
        flowers
        
        white
        
        yellow
        
        grow directly from root
        
        contians
        
        3-lobed calyx
        
        corolla
        
        1 fertile stamen
        
        3 seed-filled carpels
        
        commercial propagated material
        
        ginger rhizome cutting
- - - - Pharmacological uses and health benefits of ginger (Mohamad Shahrajabian)
        
        Main Components
        
        6-gingerol
        
        most abundant
        
        pharmacological effects
        
        antioxidant
        
        analgesic
        
        anti-inflammatory
        
        antipyretic properties
        
        6-shogaol
        
        8-gingerol
        
        10-gingerol
        
        Ginger and Its Constituents: Role in Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Sahdeo)
        
        https://www.hindawi.com/journals/grp/2015/142979/
        
        Active ingredients
        
        reside in
        
        volatile oils
        
        ginger oil ingredients
        
        bisabolene
        
        zingiberene
        
        zingiberol
- - - - Ginger
        
        studied as
        
        antioxidant against
        
        oxidative stress
        
        antibacterial
        
        anticancer
        
        anti-inflammatory
        
        neuroprotective
        
        gastroprotective
        
        consists of
        
        6-gongerol
        
        6-shogaol
        
        10-gingerol
        
        gingerdiones
        
        gingerdiols
        
        paradols
        
        5 diacetooxy-6-ginger-dioal
        
        12-gingerol
        
        exhibits
        
        positive effect against
        
        osteoarthritis disease
        
        using
        
        ginger extract
        
        type 2 diabetes
        
        by
        
        attenuated the level of
        
        4 more items...
        
        using
        
        powdered ginger capsule
      - Study done
        
        ginger used as treatment against
        
        muscle and bone integrity
        
        measured as
        
        bone mineral content
        
        results
        
        1 more item...
        
        Bone mineral density
        
        significantly decreased
        
        1 more item...
        
        lean bone mineral content
        
        results
        
        1 more item...
        
        percentage of fat free mass
        
        results
        
        1 more item...
        
        another study done
        
        grip strength (muscle loss)
        
        results
        
        4 more items...
    - - Pharmacological uses and health benefits of ginger (Mohamad Shahrajabian)
        
        Ginger extract
        
        can remove disorders
        
        caused by
        
        oxidative stress
        
        beneficial
        
        smokers with anermia
        
        strong antibody response
        
        humoral immunity against infection
        
        non-smokers
        
        ginger medical uses
        
        anti-microbial
        
        anti-nausea
        
        pregnancy morning sickness
        
        anti-pyretic
        
        reduce fever
        
        anti-inflammatory
        
        hypoglycaemic
        
        anti-ulcer
        
        antiemeticc
        
        cardio tonic
        
        anti-hypertensive
    - - The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in patients with advanced cancer (Bhargava)
        
        study done
        
        Anorexia–cachexia syndrome
        
        characters
        
        weight loss
        
        muscle wasting
        
        determine effects
        
        on gastric myoelectrical activity
        
        Ginger capsule
        
        1X for 14 days
        
        patients diagnosed with cancer
        
        Results
        
        EEG diagnosis
        
        showed
        
        beneficial effects
        
        1 more item...
        
        significant reduction
        
        symptoms
        
        including
        
        3 more items...
        
        diagnosis
        
        Electrogastrogram
        
        recording of
        
        gasttric myoelectrical activity
        
        Ginger
        
        commonly grown
        
        USA
        
        China
        
        India
        
        uses
        
        theraputic
        
        digestive tract
        
        reducing nausea
        
        dyspepsia
        
        indigestion
        
        abdominal pain
        
        Active constituents
        
        enhance
        
        gastrointestinal motility
        
        Gastrointestinal symptoms
        
        chronic nausea
        
        vomiting
        
        constipation
        
        early satiety
        
        dysphagia
        
        swallowing difficulties
        
        Grehlin
        
        stimulates pituitary gland
        
        release growth hormone
        
        elicits positive energy balance
        
        stimulating food intake
    - - Ginger (Zingober officinale) prevents sever damage to the lungs due to hyperoxia and inflammation (Atilla)
        
        purpose
        
        ginger effects
        
        rat pups
        
        with hypoxia and inflammation
        
        study done
        
        36 Wistar rats
        
        divided 3 groups
        
        hyperoxia (95 % O2)
        
        lipopolysaccharide
        
        hyperoxia + LPS + ginger treated
        
        1000 mg/kg daily
        
        1 more item...
        
        control group
        
        21% O2
        
        Results
        
        Hyperoxia + LPS + Ginger group
        
        weight gain
        
        survival rates higher
        
        reduced lung damage
        
        decreased apoptosis
        
        ginger
        
        effective treatment
        
        could become alternative treatment
        
        reduced
        
        lung damage
        
        protectant for lungs
    - - Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on plasma glucose level, HbA1c and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients (Mahluji)
        
        study done
        
        purpose
        
        effects of ginger
        
        biochemical parameters of type 2 diabetes
        
        64 patients
        
        with
        
        type 2 diabetes
        
        assigned to
        
        ginger group
        
        placebo group
        
        Results
        
        ginger supplementation
        
        improved
        
        insulin supplementation
        
        1 more item...
        
        some fractions of lipid profile
        
        1 more item...
        
        short-term
        
        8 weeks
        
        could change INSULIN LEVELS
        
        SENSITIVITY
        
        NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES
        
        glucose concentrations
        
        HbA1c
        
        decreases levels
        
        TG
        
        LDL-C
        
        Overall
        
        oral ginger supplementation
        
        decreased
        
        3 more items...
        
        improved
        
        insulin sensitivity
        
        needs more study
        
        longer time period
        
        Large doses