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The Age of Imperialism, Tany Marzuca Agramont 26/01/21 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - They established colonies in the Americas, India, South Africa, and the East Indies, and gained territory along the coasts of Africa and China.
        
        Europe’s Commercial Revolution created new needs and desires for wealth and raw materials.
        
        Supported the imperial belief in “Glory, God, and Gold.”
    - - In the first half of the nineteenth century, colonialism became less popular.
        
        However, in the mid-nineteenth century, Europe especially Great Britain and France began an economic revival.
        
        During the Victorian Era (1837 to 1901)
        
        Great Britain became an industrial giant, providing more than 25 percent of the world’s output of industrial goods
- - - - Need for markets
        
        Raw materials
        
        Source of investments
    - - Need for military bases
        
        National security
        
        Source of pride-nationalism
    - - White man´s burden
        
        Spread of Christianity
        
        Social Darwinism (superiority of Western society)
    - - In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species.
        
        Darwin claimed that all life had evolved into the present state over millions of years.
        
        Darwin put forth the theory of natural selection
        
        Social Darwinism fostered imperialistic expansion by proposing that some people were more fit (advanced) than others.
    - - New medicine
        
        New weapons
        
        Transportation
- - - - In 1875, Britain purchased a controlling interest in the Suez Canal from the bankrupt ruler of Egypt who was unable to repay loans that he had contracted for the canal and modernization. of the country.
        
        The Suez Canal was important because it shortened the route from Europe to South and East Asia
    - - In 1878, Leopold II of Belgium sent Anglo-American newspaperman Henry Stanley to explore the Congo and establish trade agreements with leaders in the Congo River basin
        
        Leopold II’s intrusion into the Congo area raised questions about the political fate of Africa south of the Sahara.
        
        Other European nations were fearful that Belgium wanted to extend control over the entire area.
    - - Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany, and Jules Ferry, Premier of France and considered the builder of the modern French Empire
        
        Organized an international conference in Berlin to lay down the basic rules for colonizing Africa.
    - - The French had the largest colonial empire in Africa, over 3 1⁄2 million square miles, half of which contained the Sahara Desert
        
        At its height, the French Empire in Africa was as large as the continental United States.
    - - Britain’s holdings in Africa were not as large as France’s but it controlled the more populated regions, particularly of southern Africa, which contained valuable mineral resources such as diamonds and gold.
        
        . In 1890, Cecil Rhodesy. He wanted to extend the BritishAfrican Empire from Cape Town to Cairo and decided to annex the Boer Republic.
        
        In 1910, Britain combined its South African colonies into the Union of South Africa.
    - - Late unification delayed Germany’s imperialistic ventures, but it also wanted its place in the sun.
        
        Germany took land in eastern and southwestern Africa.
    - - Italy was another late entry into the imperialistic venture. Italy took control of Libya, Italian Somaliland, and Eritrea
        
        which is the north-most province of Ethiopia
        
        Italy’s efforts to gain control of Ethiopia
        ended in bitter defeat.
    - - Portugal carved out large colonies in Angola and Mozambique.
- - - - The British
        introduced social reforms, advocated education, and promoted technology
        
        Britain profited greatly from India,
        which was called the “Crown Jewel of the British Empire.”
    - - Japan was the only Asian country that did not become a victim of imperialism.
        
        The Meiji Restoration, which began in 1867, sought to replace the feudal rulers, or the shogun, and increase the power of the emperor.
        
        The goal was to make Japan strong enough to compete with the West.
        
        Japan also gained control of its first colonies Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands and shocked the world by defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905
        
        Japan’s victory was the first time that an Asian country had defeated a European power inover 200 years.
  - - - The Chinese permitted trade but only at the Port of Canton, where the rights of European merchants were
        at the whim of the emperor. Imperialism in China began with the First Opium War
        
        The Treaty of Nanking (1842) opened up five ports to the British, gave Britain the island of Hong Kong, and forced China to pay a large indemnity
        
        By the 1900s there was rising sentiment against foreigners because China had been forced to give up so many political and economic rights.
        
        This anti-foreign sentiment exploded into the Boxer Rebellion
        or Uprising (1899–1901).
        
        The Boxer Rebellion failed, but it convinced the Chinese that reforms were necessary. In 1911, revolutions broke out across the country and the Manchu emperor was overthrown.
        
        The Chinese republic faced many problems and for the
        next thirty-seven years, China would continue to be at war with itself and with foreign invaders.
- - - - Britain’s control of the Suez Canal forced her to take an active role in Egypt
        
        To acquire the militarily valuable island of Cyprus to secure oil resources for industrial and military needs.
        
        The British also secured concessions in Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, and Bahrain. Pipelines were built to the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf.
    - - Traditionally, Russia sought to gain control of the Dardanelles as an outlet to the Mediterranean
        Sea and an area of expansion
        
        Russia helped to dismember the Ottoman Empire and gain independence for several Balkan states.
    - - In 1899
        
        German bankers obtained the Ottoman Empire’s consent to complete the BerlinBaghdad Railroad.
- - - - Although imperialism exploited and abused colonial people, Western countries introduced modern medicine that stressed the use of vaccines and more sanitary hygiene that helped to save lives and increase life expectancy.
  - - - Rivalries between France and Great Britain over the Sudan, between France and Germany over Morocco, and over the Ottoman Empire contributed to the hostile conditions that led to World War I in 1914.
- - - - In the later half of the 19 and early 20 centuries, realism, impressionism, and (expressionism) would dominate the artistic and literary worlds.
  - - - However, no countries allowed women to
        vote.
        
        In France, Jeanne-Elizabeth Schmahl founded in 1909 the French Union for Women’s Suffrage.
        
        French women did not gain the
        right to vote until after World War II.
        
        In 1928, the required age was lowered to 21, making the voting age for both sexes the same.
  - - - Periodic table
      - vaccines
      - standard of
        cleanliness.
      - discovery of radium
        and polonium