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CCO RJ (Cancer) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Humoral response
        
        Protects the host via opsonization, neutralization and activation of complement system
      - Cellular immunity response
        
        Release of cytokines in the presence of antigens to activate components of the immune system
- - - - Makes use of a drug known as photosensitizer that is injected in the body in an inactive stage, photosensitizers react to a specific wave length of light (usually by laser)to be activated which destroy cells via Oxidative stress (ROS) ,drawbacks would be it can only treat areas where the light from the laser can reach and activate the photosensitizers
    - - Uses high levels of radiation to kill off cancer cells allowing for tumors to shrink (Can damage healthy cells and may cause mutations)
    - - Removes the tumor and surrounding tissue that contains cancer cells to reduce the spread of cancer (can cure the cancer depending on the stage of cancer if its in the later stages, surgery can aid in allowing other treatment methods to be more effective)
  - - - Endocrine therapy
        
        Surgery that removes the glands that produce the hormone/Drugs that inhibit or slow down the production of certain hormones that aid cancer progression or cause cancer, downsides would be endocrine therapy has side effects that are potentially fatal which includes chances of getting another type of cancer
      - Gene therapy
        
        Uses modified genes that are injected into cancerous cells that replace faulty genes or is added into the genome in order to provide new functions to the cancer cells that either causes apoptosis of the cancer cells or slow down the growth and proliferation of the cancer cells which slows down the progression of cancer, downsides would be that the new gene that is injected into the cells may be inserted in the wrong region of a DNA which can cause mutations in the DNA and not properly function which can instead speed up the progression of the cancer
      - Small molecule inhibitors
        
        Drugs that are small enough to enter cells that interact with signal transduction pathway to prevent the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells (examples; kinase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors), downsides would that some drugs have a short lifespan and would require daily doses which have serious side effects
      - Immunotherapy
        
        Monoclonal antibodies
        
        Uses monoclonal antibodies to essentially tag and bind to cells as the antibodies are designed to be specific, Once bound it triggers one's immune system to attack the cells the antibodies are bounded to, allows immune system to target cancer cells and kill them off. Downsides would be due to the specificity of the antibodies any mutation of the antigens of the cancer cells can render the treatment ineffective.
        
        Bispecific antibodies
        
        Fragments of 2 different antibodies are taken and combined to form a bispecific antibodies that aids in bringing T cells into close proximity with the cancer cell to eliminate them
        
        Antibody-Drug conjugates
        
        A targeted antibody is conjugated with a cancer killing drug when the antibodies binds to the antigen the drug is directly delivered killing the cell
        
        Cell therapy
        
        Injection of healthy cells into one's body, Immune cells like T-cells can be injected to aid the patient's body in the killing the cancer cells. Downsides would be possible rejection from the host's body which triggers an immune response and harm the already frail cancer patient.(examples;CAR T cells,Adoptive T cells)
        
        Cytokine therapy
        
        Makes use of cytokines that aid in the bodies fight against cancer by triggering one's body immune response, allowing for the immune system to detect and kill off cancer cells, halting the progression of cancer (examples; Interleukins and interferons, downsides would be side effects that include low white blood cell count which can increase the risk of infection to one's body
        
        Cancer vaccines
        
        Preventive
        
        extraction of a gene that codes for a protein found in viruses and is inserted into a plasmid and introduced into the cells of the body which stimulate the production of antibodies against the protein, allows for faster and greater response to the virus in reoccurring infection, used on people that are healthy to prevent them from getting cancer (example; HPV vaccine)
        
        Therapeutic
        
        Uses the specific stimulation of the immune system using tumor antigens to elicit an antitumor response causing more anti-tumor activity to occur, slowing down the progression of cancer. Used on people that already have cancer.
    - - Makes use of drugs/chemicals that target and kills off fast-growing cells in one's body, mainly targeting cancer cells as they multiply quicker then other cells in the body, slowing/halting the progression of cancer
        
        Non-Cell specific chemotherapeutic drugs
        
        Kills off resting and dividing cells in any phase of the cell cycle (example; Alkylating agents)
        
        Cell specific chemotherapeutic drugs
        
        Kills off actively dividing cells that are in certain phases, for example; Anti-tumor antibiotics targets cells in the G1-S phase, Anti-metabolites target cells in the S phase, Taxoids target cells in the G2-M phase and Vinca alkaloids target cells in the M-G1 phase
      - Ways to administer
        
        Intravenous
        
        Intramuscular
        
        Intrathecel
        
        Intracavitary
        
        Topical
        
        Oral
        
        Subcutaneous
        
        Factors to ensure chemotherapy is most effective
        
        Safety: Activity = Efficacy
        
        Different drugs affect different stages of cell cycle, combination of drugs that allow for the targeting of cancer cells in all stages, finding out the combination of drugs that works on a patients is unique as every individual's immune system reacts differently, as such using the best combination of drugs to kill off cancer cells at the most effective rate while having manageable side effects is the most ideal
        
        Patients undergo treatment where different drugs are used or added to observe the best results (via blood test), treatment is then continued (patients breaks for days to weeks from treatment for recovery of normal tissues)
        
        Complications
        
        cant differentiate between healthy and cancer cells can kills both causing side effects that range from mild to fatal that depends on the patient and the extend of the treatmnent
- - - - Presence of mutant peptide that can only be found in cancer cell due to mutated cellular protein and cannot be found in normal cells
      - Example ;Hyperactive Ras protein continuously signals for transcription of cell cycle proteins
    - - Overexpression of a normal protein which causes cell to be recognized by T cells or Reactivation of embryonic genes that are not expressed in differentiated cells
      - ExampleHER2 receptors expressed in large numbers on breast cancer cells:
  - - - Antibodies bind to the antigens which signals the NK cells to attack via the binding of the antibody to the receptor of the NK cells and triggers the activation of the complement system
    - - tumor cells have peptides that are bounded to by MHC class 1 which allows Cd8 to bind to the peptides to begin releasing perforins and granzymes to begin the breakdown and apoptosis of the cancer cell
- - - - Mutation in the Antibodies against tumor cell-surface antigens causes the degradation of the antigens till the point where surfaces complexes like MHC ligands are unable to form and the cell cannot be recognized and is allowed to proliferate unregulated
    - - Molecules that are released by the cancer cell causes the inhibition of T cells prevent the apoptosis of the cell, which can then proliferate uncontrollably
    - - Low amounts of antigens expressed prevents the formation of MHC ligands that allows immune cells to bind and recognize the cell, allows uncontrolled proliferation