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Environmental Science, Chapter 2, Chapter 10, Chapter 11 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Scientific Method
        
        Assumptions
        
        The perceptions of the five senses represents an objective reality, not some kind of dream or mirage
        
        The objective reality functions according to certain basic principles and natural laws that remain consistent through time and space.
        
        Every result has a cause, and every event in turn will cause other events
        
        Through observation, manipulation, and reason, the basic principles and natural laws by which the universe functions an be discovered and understood
        
        Steps
        
        Observation
        
        Constructing Models
        
        Theories
        
        Concepts
        
        Natural Laws
        
        Questions
        
        Hypotheses
        
        Null Hypothesis
        
        Experimentation
      - Junk Science
      - Disagreement in the Scientific Community
        
        New Information
        
        Complex Phenomena
        
        Multiple Perspectives
        
        Bias
    - - The actions and programs that manage natural resources and human well-being for the common good.
      - Ethics
      - Justice
      - Equality
      - UN Global Biodiversity Assessment
        
        Reforming policies that often lead to declines in biodiversity
        
        Addressing the need of people who live adjacent to or in high-biodiversity areas or whose livelihood is derived from exploiting wild species
        
        Practicing conservation at the landscape level
        
        Promoting research on biodiversity
    - - Sustainable Yields
        
        Forestry
        
        Fisheries
      - Sustainable Societies
        
        Society in balance with the natural world, continuing generation after generation, neither depleting its resource base by extending sustainable yields nor producing pollutants in excess of nature's capacity to absorb them.
      - Sustainable Development
        
        Equity
        
        A form of development or progress that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
        
        Sustainable Solutions
        
        Economically feasible
        
        Socially desirable
        
        Ecologically viable
  - - - Food production outweighs the effects of declines in other ecosystem services.
        
        Results are confirmed
      - Human technology makes us less dependent on ecosystem services.
        
        Results less clearly confirmed
      - The measurements of human well-being is flawed.
        
        Results do not support this hypothesis
      - There is a time lag between ecosystem decline and human well-being.
        
        Results less clearly confirmed
  - - - Being poorly managed
    - - Overpopulation
      - Poverty
        
        Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
    - - Increasing quantities of greenhouse gases
      - Ocean Acidification
      - Responses to Global Climate Change
        
        Mitigation
        
        International agreements
    - - Decrease in fauna
      - Decrease in flora
- - - - Species
        
        Producers
        
        Photosynthesis
        
        CO2 + 12 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
        
        Cellular Respiration
        
        C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
        
        Consumers
        
        Detritovores
      - Populations
        
        Chapter 4
        
        Populations
        
        Population Growth
        
        Equilibrium
        
        Population Growth Rate
        
        Growth Curves
        
        Exponential Increase
        
        3 more items...
        
        Logistic Growth
        
        2 more items...
        
        Constant Growth
        
        Biotic Potential
        
        Recruitment
        
        Critical Number
        
        Threatened
        
        Endangered
        
        Limits
        
        Density-Dependent
        
        Density-Independent
        
        Reproductive Strategies
        
        r-Strategists
        
        Massive Numbers of Offspring
        
        Little to No Parental Care
        
        Short Life Span
        
        Favorable to Less Stable Environments
        
        Smaller Size
        
        K-Strategists
        
        Fewer Offspring
        
        Long and Involved Parental Care
        
        Longer Life Span
        
        Favorable to More Stable Environments
        
        Larger Size
        
        Survivorship Curve
        
        Life History
        
        Type I
        
        1 more item...
        
        Type II
        
        1 more item...
        
        Type III
        
        1 more item...
        
        Evolution
        
        Selective Pressures
        
        Natural Selection
        
        Environmental Change
        
        Changes
        
        3 more items...
        
        3 more items...
        
        Human Impact
        
        2 more items...
        
        Communities
        
        Interactions
        
        Symbiosis
        
        Mutualism
        
        Commensalism
        
        Predation
        
        3 more items...
        
        Amensalism
        
        Neutralism
        
        Competition
        
        2 more items...
      - Communities
        
        Biotic
        
        Abiotic
      - Ecosystems
        
        Chapter 5
        
        Ecosystems
        
        Food Web
        
        Food Chain
        
        Trophic Levels
        
        3 more items...
        
        Energy
        
        Cellulose Waste
        
        3 more items...
        
        Aquatic Systems
        
        2 more items...
        
        Disturbances
        
        Ecological Succession
        
        Facilitation
        
        Climax Ecosystem
        
        1 more item...
        
        3 more items...
        
        Resilience
        
        Resilience Mechanisms
        
        Tipping Points
        
        1 more item...
        
        Economy
        
        Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity (HANPP)
        
        Ecosystem Management
        
        Chapter 6
        
        Biodiversity
        
        Biota
        
        2 more items...
        
        Biological Wealth
        
        2 more items...
        
        Decline
        
        7 more items...
        
        Saving Wild Species
        
        8 more items...
        
        Chapter 7
        
        Value of Ecosystems
        
        Ecosystem Capital and Services
        
        3 more items...
        
        Uses of Ecosystems
        
        Renewable Resources
        
        4 more items...
        
        2 more items...
        
        Tenure
        
        3 more items...
        
        Protection and Restoration of Ecosystems
        
        Forest Ecosystem Threats
        
        2 more items...
        
        Ocean Ecosystem Threats
        
        8 more items...
        
        Public and Private Lands of the United States
        
        5 more items...
        
        Restoration
        
        7 more items...
        
        Biomes
        
        Climate
        
        Average Temperature
        
        Average Precipitation
        
        Terrestrial
        
        Tropical Rain Forests
        
        Tropical Dry (Deciduous) Forests
        
        Chaparral
        
        Temperate Deciduous Forests
        
        Grasslands / Savannas
        
        Coniferous Forests
        
        Deserts
        
        Tundras
        
        Temperature
        
        Latitude
        
        Altitude
        
        Aquatic
        
        Estuaries (Freshwater and Saltwater)
        
        Coastal Ocean (Saltwater)
        
        Inland Wetlands (Freshwater)
        
        Coral Reefs (Saltwater)
        
        Streams and Rivers (Freshwater)
        
        Open Ocean (Saltwater)
        
        Lakes and Ponds (Freshwater)
        
        Hydrothermal Vents (Saltwater)
        
        Microclimate
      - Ecotones
      - Landscapes
      - Biomes
      - Biosphere
        
        All of life on Earth
    - - Conditions
        
        Resources
      - Optimum
      - Range of Tolerance
        
        Limits of Tolerance
        
        Optimal Range
        
        Zones of Stress
      - Fundamental Biological Principle
        
        Every species has an optimal range, zones of stress, and limits of tolerance with respect to every abiotic factor, and these characteristics vary between species
      - Limiting Factors
        
        Synergisms / Synergistic Effects
        
        Environmental Resistance
      - Habitat
        
        Ecological Niche
    - - Molecules
        
        Atoms
        
        Elements
        
        Law of Conservation of Matter
        
        Atoms cannot be created or destroyed
      - Compounds
        
        Organic
        
        Natural Organic Compounds
        
        Synthetic Organic Compounds
        
        Carbon (C)
        
        Oxygen (O)
        
        Hydrogen (H)
        
        Nitrogen (N)
        
        Phosphorous (P)
        
        Sulfur (S)
        
        Inorganic
        
        Molecules or compounds with neither C-C nor C-H bonds
      - 4 Spheres of the Environment
        
        Atmosphere
        
        Oxygen (O2)
        
        Nitrogen (N2)
        
        Carbon dioxide (CO2)
        
        Hydrosphere
        
        Water (H2O)
        
        Source of hydrogen (H)
        
        Hydrogen Bonding
        
        Lithosphere
        
        Minerals
      - Solutions
      - Ecosystem Cycles
        
        Carbon Cycle
        
        Detritus
        
        Diffusion exchange between the atmosphere and oceans
        
        Combustion of fossil fuels
        
        Phosphorous Cycle
        
        Rock and Soil Minerals
        
        Organic Phosphate
        
        Nitrogen Cycle
        
        Driven by bacteria
        
        Nitrogen Fixation
        
        Nonreactive Nitrogen
        
        Reactive Nitrogen
        
        Denitrification
        
        Nitrogen Cascade
        
        Sulfur Cycle
        
        Acid Rain
    - - Potential Energy
        
        Chemical Energy
        
        Kinetic Energy
      - Laws of Thermodynamics
        
        First Law
        
        Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another
        
        Second Law
        
        In any energy conversion, some of the usable energy is always lost
        
        Entropy
        
        A measure of the degree of disorder in a system
- - - - Subsistence Agriculture
        
        Subsistence Farmers
      - Modern Industrialized Agriculture
        
        Costs
        
        Monocultures
        
        Loss of Genetic Diversity
        
        High-Yield Crop Difficulties
        
        Conservation Reserve Program
        
        Machinery
        
        Supporting Agriculture
        
        Pesticides
        
        Irrigation
        
        Fertilizers
      - Green Revolution
        
        High-Yielding Grains
        
        Worldwide Benefits
      - Animal Farming
        
        Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
        
        Large Ranches
        
        Antibiotic Use
        
        Climate Change
        
        Pastoralists
      - Biofuels
      - Gene Revolution
        
        Genetic Modification (GM)
        
        Promise
        
        Crops for Developing Nations
        
        Incorporate resistance to diseases and pests that attack important tropical plants
        
        Increase tolerance to environmental conditions that stress most plants
        
        Improve the nutritional value of commonly eaten crops
        
        Produce pharmaceutical products in ordinary crop plants
        
        Pharma Crops
        
        Problems
        
        Environmental Concerns
        
        Nontarget Effects
        
        Loss of Biodiversity
        
        Superweeds
        
        Increase in Chemicals
        
        Resistant Pests
        
        Access in the Developing World
        
        Safety Issues
        
        GMO Controversy
        
        Policies
        
        Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
        
        Precautionary Principle
    - - Food Trade
        
        Grain Transport
        
        Market Manipulation
        
        Food Reserve
      - Global Food Crisis
        
        World Food Summit
        
        Rio+20
        
        Farmers get much higher prices for crops
      - Food Security
        
        Family Food Security
        
        State Food Safety Net
        
        National Food Safety Net
        
        International Food Safety Net
    - - Overnourishment
      - Undernourishment
      - Malnutrition
      - Food Aid
      - Famine
        
        Drought
        
        Conflict
        
        Warning Systems
    - - Increasing Food Production
        
        Doubly Green
        
        New Developments in Breeding
        
        Environmental Limits
        
        Expanding Diets
      - Using Current Production More Effectively
        
        Locavores
        
        Community-supported agriculture programs (CSAs)
        
        Fewer Crops to Animal Food and Biofuels
        
        Eliminating Waste
      - Sustainable Agriculture
        
        Urban Foragers
        
        Algae
        
        Urban Agriculture
        
        Laboratory-Grown Meat
        
        Organic Farms
        
        Permanent Polyculture
      - Policy Change
- - - - External Costs
  - - - Social entrepreneurship
- - - - Ecosystem Capital
        
        Incremental Value
    - - Social Capital
      - Human Capital
      - Knowledge Assets
- - - - Water Vapor
        
        Humidity
    - - Aerosols
      - Purification
    - - Adiabatic Cooling
        
        Adiabatic Warming
      - Global Convection Currents
        
        Hadley Cells
        
        Trade Winds
        
        Equator
      - Rain Shadows
        
        Mountain Ranges
      - Infiltration
        
        Capillary Water
        
        Evapotranspiration
        
        Percolation
        
        Gravitational Water
        
        Groundwater
        
        4 more items...
        
        Falling Water Tables
        
        3 more items...
        
        Surface Runoff
        
        Watershed
        
        Surface Waters
        
        Infiltration-Runoff Ratio
  - - - Dams
        
        Water Control
        
        Power Generation
        
        Recreation
        
        Flood Control
        
        Loss of natural environment
        
        Affected wildlife
      - Moving Water to the Ocean
      - Building Impervious Surfaces
      - Mitigating Changes to Water Flow
      - Taming Rivers and Wetlands
      - Climate Change
      - Loss of Vegetation
      - Atmospheric Particles
      - Withdrawal for Human Use
    - - Nonconsumptive Water Use
        
        Consumptive Water Use
      - Municipal Water Use
        
        Water Source--> Water Treatment Plant--> Water Use--> Sewage Treatment Plant--> Water Source
      - Bottled Water
    - - Diversion
        
        Increased Evaporation
        
        Water Leakage
        
        Disease Vectors
        
        Estuaries Impacted
  - - - Capturing Runoff
      - Tapping More Groundwater
      - Desalination
      - Using Less Water
        
        Agriculture
        
        Drip Irrigation System
        
        Treadle Pumps
        
        Enhance Soil Retention
        
        Municipal Systems
        
        Aging Infrastructure
        
        Xeriscaping
        
        Low-Flow Toilets
        
        Gray Water
        
        Virtual Water
  - - - Clean Water Act
    - - Increasing Efficiency
      - Stopping Subsidies
    - - World Water Forum
      - UN International Decade For Action: Water For Life
- - - - Parent Material
      - Weathering
        
        Silt
        
        Loam
        
        Clay
        
        Sand
    - - Workability
    - - Soil Profiles
      - E Horizon
        
        Eluviation
        
        Leaching
        
        B Horizon
        
        Subsoil
        
        A Horizon
        
        Topsoil
        
        C Horizon
        
        Weathered Rock
        
        Glacial Deposits
        
        Volcanic Ash
        
        O Horizon
        
        Humus
  - - - Histosols
        
        Peat
      - Gelisols
        
        Permafrost
  - - - Phosphate
      - Potassium
      - Calcium
      - Nutrient-Holding Capacity
    - - Water-Holding Capacity
      - Evaporative Water Loss
      - Transpiration
    - - Compaction
    - - pH
  - - - Organic
      - Inorganic
  - - - Splash Erosion
      - Sheet Erosion
      - Gully Erosion
      - Desert Pavement
      - Cryptogamic Crusts
      - Sediment
      - Human Practices
        
        Overcultivation
        
        Overgrazing
        
        Deforestation
    - - Rare Earth Elements
  - - - Contour Plowing
      - Shelterbelts
      - No-Till Farming
      - Low-Till Farming
      - Bioremediation
      - Ending Overgrazing
      - Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
    - - Farm Subsidies
        
        Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act (FAIR)
        
        Farm Security and Rural Investment Act
      - Farm Bills
        
        Conservation Reserve Program
        
        Conservation Security Program (CSP)
      - Public Land Grazing Policies
      - Mining Regulations
    - - Empowering Farmers
        
        Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Initiative (SARD)
      - Keita Project
    - - United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
      - TerrAfrica
      - Economics of Land Degradation