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History of Bioinformatics, Microbiology, Legend, Computers, 1950-early…

- - - - 1970s
        
        1980s
        
        1990s
        
        2000s
        
        2010s
        
        2020s
        
        1991: WWW and Linux are available
        
        1981: IBM PC first released
        
        1983: Official birth of Internet using standardised TCP/IP protocol
      - 1969: First ARPANET connection established
      - 1962, 1963: 2 papers from Linus Pauling (Caltech) and Emile Zuckerkandl () reconstructed evolutionary history of species from analysing protein sequence of haemoglobin of different species
        
        1965: Molecular clock proposed by Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl in their 70 page thesis
        
        1968: Neutral theory of molecular evolution proposed by Motoo Kimura. The neutral theory assumes that most mutations that are not deleterious are neutral rather than beneficial. Because only a fraction of gametes are sampled in each generation of a species, the neutral theory suggests that a mutant allele can arise within a population and reach fixation by chance, rather than by selective advantage.
        
        1973: Near neutral theory of molecular evolution proposed by Tomoko Ohta accounts for the fact that not all mutations are either so deleterious such that they can be ignored, or else neutral.
        
        ???: Neutral Theory and Near-neutral Theory of molecular evolution proposed by Kimura and Ohata
    - - 1955: Fred Sanger complete the full sequence of amino acids in insulin, the first protein to be ever sequenced
        1945: figures out the "starting ends"
        1949: figures out the beginnings (first few amino acids)
        1951: completes sequencing of 30 amino acids of B chain (phenylalanyl chain)
        1953: completes sequencing of 21 amino acids of A chain (glycyl chain)
        1955: figures out the cross links between chains
        1958: Sanger awarded his first Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin."
        
        1958, 1960: John Kendrew reports 3D molecular structure of myoglobin protein - “the first protein to be solved”
        1958: 3D map at a "low resolution" of 6 angstroms
        1960: 3D map of the molecule at 2-angstrom resolution
        first to use an electronic computer for solving complex problems in biology - required about 12 hours of continuous computation on a very fast machine (EDSAC II)
        1962: Kendrew jointly awarded Nobel Prize with Max Perutz "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins."