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Exam Revision - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Endergonic (anabolic) reactions: Require energy. For example: Photosynthesis
  - - - Substrate: Any chemical that attaches to the enzymes is considered a substrate. They bond to the active site of the enzymes, and in some cases, substrates have to have the exact shape as the active site. However, in some other cases, they can have slightly different forms.
        
        Active Site: A region on the enzyme where substrate molecules bind to and undergo a chemical reaction called catalysis.
        
        The binding forms an enzyme-substrate complex (ES)
        
        Enzyme-substrate complex lowers the activation energy of the reaction and increases the rate of the reaction.
        The enzyme-substrate complex increases the formation of product (P) and enzyme (E) is released.
  - - - Cofactors: The additional, inorganic, non-protein molecule that a complex enzyme needs to function is called a cofactor. They help make the substrate stick to the apoenzyme by providing the exact shape required. For example, copper, zinc, iron...
      - Coenzymes: The additional, organic, non-protein molecule that a complex enzyme needs to function is called a coenzyme. They help make the substrate stick to the apoenzyme by providing the exact shape required. For example vitamins
      - Holoenzyme: The active enzyme= Apoenzyme+ cofactor
    - - Key-Lock Model: The shapes are rigid. The substrate has to have the exact shape of the active site to fit the enzyme.
      - Induced Fit Model: The active site of the enzyme changes it shape according to the substrate. The enzyme is flexible. After the reaction, the enzyme goes back to its initial shape.
  - - - Optimal/Optimum temperature: The temperature in which the enzymes work best at.
    - - Saturation Point: At this state, all of the enzymes are already saturated with the substrates. So there isn't any enzyme left to bond with the additional substrates as all of the available enzymes will be working at their maximum rate. From now on, increasing the concentration will not affect the rate of reaction. This point in a chemical reaction is known as the saturation point.
    - - Competitive Inhibitors: They simulate a substrate and bind to the active site making it unavailable for the substrate to bind to
      - Non Competitive Inhibitors: They bind to the allosteric site. They do not directly affect the active site however, it changes the original shape of the active site making it no longer able to fully function and bind to substrates.
- - - - Amino Acid Structure: a central Carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a unique side chain/R group.
      - Essential Amino acids: They must be taken from outside; they are not produced in our body. However, they are essential for our body to function. 8 out of 20 amino acids are essential amino acids(our body can synthesize other 12 amino acids.)
      - Dehydration synthesis of amino acids: Amino acid (first) + Amino acid (second)->Dipeptide + Water
        
        Peptide Bond: a type of covalent chemical bond linking two amino acids together. It is formed during dehydration synthesis.
- - - - Nucleotide: A nucleotide is the building block of nucleic acids. It consists of a sugar group(either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to the phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
    - - Hydrogen Bonding: A chemical bond that is happening between the hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
      - Phosphodiester linkages: The bond linking the two sugars of a nucleic acid. It occurs when phosphate forms two ester bonds
      - Glycosidic bond: It is a type of covalent bond that attaches a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group
  - - - mRNA(messenger RNA):
        Carries the genetic information copied from DNA to ribosomes
        Protein synthesis takes place according to the information on the mRNA.
      - tRNA(transfer RNA):
        According to the mRNA, tRNA carries the amino acids found in the cytoplasm to ribosomes.
      - rRNA(ribosomal RNA):
        Located in the structure of ribosomes with ribosomal proteins.