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Ch.23, Depression Literature, The Grapes of Wrath, Progressives were…

- - - - The long lasting belief that unemployment and poverty was one's own fault
        
        Left men feeling ashamed
        
        challenged traditional ideas of masculinity
      - Increased reliance on local public relief systems
        
        Systems were left overwhelmed
        
        Relief collapsed
  - - - Black Shirts
        
        organization which campaigned using the slogan " No Jobs for Ni**ers Until Every White Man Has a Job!"
      - Resulted in many white americans intimidating black americans out of jobs
    - - nine black teenagers convicted of vagrancy, disorder, and rape
      - sentenced 8 boys to death
        
        The supreme court overturned the convictions
        
        resulted in new trials that gained national attention
        
        The International Labor Defense (Communist Party) and the NAACP aided the youth and publicized the case
        
        all of the boys gained their freedom. 4 because charges were dropped, 4 because early paroles, and one escaped
    - - worked to win a position for blacks within emerging labor movements
      - broke down racial barriers in labor unions
  - - - officials removed them from relief rolls
      - were simply deported
      - refused admission to hospitals and no access to schools
  - - - form by young men and women
        
        worked to establish laws protecting racial and ethnic minorities
  - - - Believed work should go to men
        
        Despite public condemnation, many women both single and married were employed
        
        Led to increased female employment
        
        white women had an advantage due to non-professional jobs
        
        Some obstacles were men moving into primarily female positions
    - - faced massive unemployment
        
        a result of reducing domestic jobs
      - more black women were employed compared to white women due to always being more likely
  - - - due to cost
    - - remained commited to the traditional emphesis on the individual
        
        the "success" ethic remained persistent
        
        people wanted government assistance
        
        blamed corporate moguls, international bankers, and "economic royalists"
        
        Large amount of self-blame
        
        appeared to foreigners as passitivity
        
        the unemployed were so ashamed they refused to leave their homes
    - - became a community experience
      - escapist programming
        
        comedy, adventure, other forms of entertainment
        
        soap operas became staples of television
        
        movis were still popular, offered a distraction
        
        The rise of Walt Disney, created the character of Mickey Mouse
      - gave Americans their first direct access to public events, ex) sports, inaugurations
        
        created the possibility of a shared experience, bringing the country together
    - - realists
      - delusionist (people who ignored or tried to distract)
  - - - endorsed witholding farm products from the market, was a farmer strike
      - dissolved in failure
    - - veterans wanted their bonus for serving in WWI early
      - gathered in Washington D.C.
        
        2 were killled as a result of growing violence, 100 were injured due to the Army getting involved
- - - - A bunch of reform acts.
  - - - would later support FDR because Stalin believed he could be an ally against Hitler
        
        became allied with progressive groups
        
        The Spanish Civil War
        
        attracted young American men to help fight against the fascists
  - - - supported the STFU, the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union
        
        a bi-racial coalition of farmers who demanded economic reform
  - - - program failed as the economy continued to deteriorate
    - - Tariff Act of 1930, aka Smoot-Hawley Act
        
        did not help farmers, the tariff hurt them
    - - poverty towns became known "Hoovervilles"
    - - was later ineffective due to lack of force
  - - - during the interregnum period there was a banking crisis and Hoover tried to get Roosevelt to maintain certain economic policies, to which he refused
- - - - Speculative fever grew and was fueled by mania offering credit
        
        "Black Tuesday"- October 29- First visible signs of The Great Depression
        
        Efforts to save the market failed
        
        Millions of shared were sold
        
        Companies became worthless
        
        Market reamined depressed for more than 4 years
        
        Autumn 1929- Bull Market began to fall apart-stock market crash
        
        Drastic decline in stock prices
        
        followed by banking collapse
        
        banks either went bankrupt or shut down to prevent it
        
        1 more item...
  - - - the economic prosperity depended hihgly on few industries, such as construction and automobiles
        
        These industries began to decline in the late 1920s
        
        autombile sales dropped
        
        new industries emerged to take up slcak but did not have sufficient strength
        
        expenditures on construction fell
    - - weakened consumer demand
        
        wasn't enoughto create an adequate market for goods being produced
    - - Farmers struggled to pay debt and took loans from banks
        
        small banks failed and large banks struggled as well
        
        Most American bankers were conservative, but some big banks invested recklessely in the stick market and suffered great losses when it crashed.
    - - Due to high american tariffs
      - improving european industry and agriculture
      - financial difficulties due to WWI
      - Debt structure of post WWI
        
        European countries owed large sums of money to American banks
        
        American banks offered loans to pay off previous loans, but it only built up debt
        
        Decline of international credit structure was a reason for the spread of the depression
  - - - Became known as the Dust Bowl
        
        swarms of grasshoppers ate everything
        
        dust storms (black blizzards)
        
        suffocated people and livestock
        
        families became know as "Okies" due to many coming from Oklahoma
    - - prices fell and resulted in little profit
        
        many farmers (like other urban unemployed) left their homes looking for work