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THE AGE OF ROMANTICISM 19th CENTURY - Coggle Diagram
THE AGE OF ROMANTICISM 19th CENTURY
Literary expressions:
THE ROMANTIC (Poetry)
THE VICTORIAN (Prose)
The Romantic period = "The Revival of Romanticism"
. First fifty years of the 19th century.
18th century: new spirit stirring, which was to manifest itself in every aspect of English life and thoght.
The mind and soul of men were weary of bondage and began boldly for all that was free, natural and democratic.
FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789):
Influential on Engish intellectuals and writers (demand for more democratic governement and awareness os social injustice)
Dissapoinment for its tyranny.
Imagination:
the central force of the romantic prose/poetry of the 19th century.
Revolution in politics, education, society, religion and literature.
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1176):
Dramatic effect on the political, economic and intellectual future of England.The declararion of the rights of man.
Liberty - Equality - Fraternity
Causes of the striking out of Romanticism:
METHODISM:
revolution in religion. A passionate evangelical movement, which made religion less a matter of argument, creed and more passionate, supernatural experiencie of the soul.
(John Welsey)
THE EARL OF SHAFTESBURY. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU:
Man: essentially good, happiest in a state of nature, free from institutions and artificial restraints of organised society. Contemplation of communion with Nature, (not through reason).
PRIMITIVISM:
philosophy of education in France (Rousseau) Rustics, savages and primitives: most perfect least corrupted by the instructions of government (school, marriage).
ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER (Earl of Shaftesbury):
Student of the Classics.
Investigated "Pauper Lunatics" and Mental Asylums
Laboured to implement the 10-hour day.
He was John Locke's patron and was himself educated under his supervision.
RAGGED SCHOOL UNION:
he thought that freedom from servitude was incomplete without education. Children were thought Thursday and Sundays evening.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
+Changed the pattern of English life.
+An agricultural nation that became the chief industrial nation in the world.
+Old Cottage Economy (individual craftman and his hand-labour) could not complete with the machines.
+Craftsmen forced to leave the countryside/villages and live in cities, in slums, with paltry wages
+Overproduction and overpopulation.
+
Agricultural Revolution:
open fields "were enclosed". They had been owned by the villages since Saxon.
PRE-ROMANTICS WRITERS
Transitional poetry. Intense feeling. Greater freedom in the choice of subjects
WILLIAM BLAKE:
+Had listened not to reason, but to intuition. Imaginative.
+Original poet, painter, engraver and mystic. +Largely ignored during his own lifetime. +Fascinated with history and medieval art.
+Drew murals and monuments in Westminster Abbey.
ROBERT BURNS
: the national poet of Scotland, had written of the joys and sorrows of humble people.
THOMAS GRAY:
had discovered the beauties of Nature.
All these strains, became progressively important as the Romantic Movement, the predominant literary expression of the early 19th century.
THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT IN LITERATURE
The romantic revolt in England was part of a movement that affected: Germany, France and Italy.
The French Revolution
, the
Napoleonic Wars
and
the
progress of domestic reform
enriched the content of English Romanticism.
English literature has inclined towards the romantic from the early days of Nordic heroes a prose work, poem or play.
The Elizabetahn age
had already been essentially an age of Romanticism, with
Shakespeare's sonnets and plays.
EFFECT ON THE WRITERS & THE LITERATURE OF THE WRITERS AND THE LITERATURE OF THE PERIOD
The Industrial Revolution forced them to see the ugly reality surrounding them. Some preferred to find refuge in the past:
+Their own/childhood
(Wordsworth)
+The Middle Ages/Distant places
(Coleridge)
+Radical views
(Shelley)
+Ancient civilisations
(Keats, Byron)
The topics explored focused on Nature and how it is a teacher of moral lessons, the importance of the simple life in the countryside, the innocence of childhood and the rustics. Women and Love were idealised (nymphs, fairies)
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