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management of tectonic hazards and disasters (2) - Coggle Diagram
management of tectonic hazards and disasters (2)
modifying the hazard
-hazard management can involve:
-modifying the event
-modifying the vulnerability
-modifying loss
-lava flow diversion:
-eg, in the Hawaiian town Pahoa, damaged by in lava Flows in 2014, by Kilauea (no strategy used)
-diversion: eg, Eldfell volcano, 1973, used coastal water to cool for flow of lava (source of water needed)
-diversion: eg, at mount Etna barriers of volcanic rock and ash to divert the flow, 1983:
-later in 1993, it erupted again and an artificial trench and use of addition of concrete to divert the flow was needed
-land use zoning:
-government regulates it's land-use based on hazard / risk maps for:
-lahar risk
-liquefication
-tsunami flood risk
-if it's a high risk zone planners limit:
-settlement - resettling
-critical infrastructure - hospitals
-damage to bio protection - mangroves
-have in LICs - lack of skills
-aid from HICs - lack of skills
-eg, Montserrat - volcanists provided (UK):
-exclusion zone
-just before 1997 eruption
-Montserrat:
-capital - Plymouth
-in the Carribean
-volcanic eruption - Soufriere hills volcano, 1995 (major eruption 1997)
-last VEI4, andesitic magma
-tephra deposits on WH Bramble airport
-all 4000 Plymouth residents evacuated:
-months before the capital was destroyed - 1997
-Plymouth buried in tephra and off limits (2/3 left)
-later new John A Osbourn airport in the north to replace Bramble
-GIS mapping:
-digital mapping
-store geospatial data and layer datasets onto one map
-map hazard zones and human features
-hazard resistant design:
-shaped ash-resistant roofs
-buildings anchored and elevated from tsunamis
-retrofitting existing buildings
-Tokyo Skytree 2011:
-50% overall sway absorbed by oil dampeners
-interlocking steel frame
-rubber shock absorbers
-concrete core column
-putting straw in-between mud walls to increase flexibility - Pakistan (poor) to withstand shaking
tectonic hazard profiles
-diagram that shows the main characteristics of different types of tectonic hazards
-can be developed for a single hazard or multiple to create comparisons
modifying vulnerability
-high-tech monitoring:
-new technologies allow advance warning of tectonic hazards (eg, Montserrat):
-eg, Mount Pinatubo, 1991, Philippines (VEI6) 20,000 saved
-success rate not 100% (mount Ontake 2019)
-ICT allows rapid alerting of authorities and communities, eg:
-sattelite technology (DART)
-mobile phone tech and message alerts like in Japan 2011
-modelling hazard impacts:
-outcomes of hazards forecasted using computer models - simulation software
-size, duration and area of hazard can be altered:
-comparison of different scenarios
-hazard management alerts
-public education:
-raising awareness so people can help themselves (eg, Eg drills):
-disaster preparedness Tokyo:
-manual provided by the Tokyo metropolitan government
-forecasts a 70% chance of a major Tokyo eq in the next 30 yrs, killing 11,000
-offers vital eq survival advice
-community preparedness:
-people living at risk of hazards:
-set up a local group
-develop prep plans
-join with other groups
-usefull in HICs (Japan) public education
-vital in LICs (Haiti) limited governmental support
-crisis mapping:
-uses crowd sourced data as satellite imagery
-accurately map areas struck by disasters now aid agencies are using it before
modifying loss
-community action:
-locals are first responders eg, launching search and rescue and can support rescue / aid workers through Ushahidi (info crowd sourced for rescue)
-Italian red cross asked for community help in 2016 following eq:
-unlocking home wifi as comms for emergency rescue
-use of social media to spread message
-insurance:
pos- governments may promote insurance by regulating provision / cost as it supports recovery
neg- LICs may not benefit if it is unavailable / unaffordable
-Haiti, 2010 saw a huge protection gap:
-only 1% economic costs insured compared to 80% in Christchurch, 2010
-international aid:
`-aid doners can be: goverments, inergovernmental organisations, non-governmental organisations (UK aid, UN development program, red cross)
-aid donations can be: cash, resources, aid workers, services:
-managed by national government (Japan 2011)
-or by donors themselves (Haiti 2010)
-divided into hazard management cycle stages:
1- emergency aid = response - shelter box
2- short-term aid = recovery - infrastructure repair
3- long-term aid = mitigation / preparedness - education
pos-eg, Japanese Red Cross in 2014:
-rebuilding lives - temporary homes and new homes / repairs
-care and support for the vulnerable - public housing and provision of nursing beds
-education - childcare facilities
-medical support - medical infrastructure
-nuclear protection - use of rad testing equipment and PPE
neg- aid workers can rarely exploit survivors - eg, Oxfam GB banned from Haiti - accused of sexual misconduct (2010 eq)
neg- un workers brought cholera to Haiti in 2010 - 10,000 dead by 2020