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Replication, transcription, and translation, Metabolism, Cellular…
Replication, transcription, and translation
The replication of DNA is semi-conservative and depends on complementary base pairing.
Helicase unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds.
DNA polymerase links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template.
Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerase.
Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes.
The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code.
Codons of three bases on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide.
Translation depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA.
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Ecology: Studies the interactions among organisms, and the interactions between organisms and the transformation and flux of energy and matter.
4.1 species, communities and ecosystems
Ecosystem: Similar to a community but this involves the nonliving parts of the environment such as water, oxygen availability, temperature and other factors that are not alive but influence the organisms that are alive.
Community: When two or more species live and interact together in a balance, wether its prey and predator, competition for resources and sometimes working together for mutual survival otherwise known as symbiosis.
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4.2 energy flow
Trophic level: of an organism is the position it occupies within the tranfer of energy.
- Only about 10% of the energy available at one trophic
level is passed on to the next.
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The food chain: is a linear sequence of organisms that feed
off each other
-Starts with a produce and ends with a predator
Energy: In order for ecosystems to work, they need continuous energy supply. This energy will support their processes and convert it into heat.
Organisms in most ecosystems get their energy from the
sun, though consumers get it indirectly by feeding.
4.3 Carbon Cycling: is based on the movement of carbon in its diverse forms through the atmosphere, the oceans, the biosphere, and the geosphere.
Pools:
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Other ex: atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere,etc.
Fluxes:
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“Carbon flux is the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and its conversion by photosynthesis to plant biomass.”
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4.4 Climate Change
Greenhouse gases: Global temperatures and climate patterns are influenced by concentrations of greenhouse gases.
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Green house effect: refers to a planet ability to use its atmosphere to retain heat & keep warm even if sunlight is hitting the surface.
Ocean Acidification:
- The ocean absorbs about 25% of the CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. Therefore as atmospheric CO2 increases so do the levels in the ocean.
- It is not just the creation of carbonic acid that affects pH; when bicarbonate and carbonate ions are formed H+ ions are released thus decreasing the pH of seawater.