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Language and Linguistics
Linguistics
:
Discover the system and structure internal of any language.
Planes of the Linguistics System
Plane of expression
Focus the study of language on the signifier. Phonetics is the discipline that investigates this.
Plane of content
Study the meaning. The discipline that deals with this are Semantics
Levels of the Linguistics System
Morphological
Types of Morphemes are Derivatives, Grammatical, and Lexical.
Lexical
Its basic unit is the word, and as for the origin, there are two types of words: unmotivated and motivated.
Phonological
Phonological analysis has two important operations which are segmentation and classification
Syntactic
Its basic unit is the sentence and it has various classifications
According to the psychological quality of the judgment
According to the type of predicate
According to its structure
According to the number of members, etc.
Language:
System of arbitrary symbols used to communicate emotions and desires
Functions: According to Roman Jacobson
Context
The participants of a speech act focus on the object, topic, content of the discourse.
Link to the message
The speaker focuses on the message.
Conative
The speaker focuses on the person(s) addressed.
Emotive
The addresser aims at the direct expressions of his attitude to the topic or situation
Contact
a (particular) language is used for the initiation, continuation, and termination of linguistic encounters.
Code
a language is used to talk about the language itself.
Characteristics
Social
Language is socially acquired, learned, and then used.
Spoken
Implies that all people the world over, regardless of their race or ethnic group, still speak a language.
Arbitrary
A property of linguistic signs is their arbitrary relationship with the objects, they are used to indicate.
Productive or Creative
Refers to the ability of native speakers to understand and produce
Systematic
Language is a highly organized system.
Theories of language acquisition
Innateness
Chomsky
A child's brain contains special language-learning mechanisms at birth.
Cognitive
Piaget
Language is just one aspect of a child's overall intellectual development.
Behaviourist
Skinner
Children imitate adults.
Interaction
Bruner
This theory emphasises the interaction between children and their care-givers.
Design features of Language
Stimulus freedom
Difference of the human language from animal communication.
Arbitrariness
Refers to most of the words of our language.
Open-endedness
Probability to tell invented things or lies.
The human vocal tract
Displacement
Location and time.
Diachronic vs Synchronic view.
Diachronic
Covers the chronological improvement of a language.
Synchronic
A particular state of a language at some given point in time
Language and Linguistics