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FUNCTIONAL GROUP REACTIONS - Coggle Diagram
FUNCTIONAL GROUP REACTIONS
ALKENES
Reactions
Electrophilic addition reactions with:
Halogens to form dihaloalkanes (RTP)
Hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes (RTP)
Water to form
primary
alcohols (sulfuric acid catalyst with cold water OR phosphoric acid and steam at high temperatures)
Hydrogen to form alkanes (Ni catalyst, high pressure and temperature)
HALOALKANES
Reactions
Nucleophilic substitution with:
concentrated ammonia solution in ethanol to form a primary amine
aqueous hydroxide under reflux to form a primary alcohol
ALCOHOLS
Reactions
Oxidation
Primary alcohols
oxidise with K2Cr2O7 AND H2SO4 catalyst and then distil to form aldehyde
oxidise under reflux with
excess
K2Cr2O7 AND H2SO4 catalyst and then distil to form carboxylic acid
Secondary alcohols
oxidise under reflux with K2Cr2O7 AND H2SO4 catalyst and then distil to form ketone
Dehydration
react with concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst and high temperatures under reflux to form an alkene
Nucleophilic substitution with
halides to form haloalkanes upon warming and distillation with concentrated sulfuric acid and a halide salt (eg. NaBr)
Esterification with:
carboxylic acids with a strong acid catalyst under reflux
acyl chlorides at RTP
acid anhydrides on warming
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Reactions
Esterification with alcohols with a strong acid catalyst under reflux
Conversion into acyl chlorides by SCl2O
Typical reactions of acids
weak acids
PHENOLS
weak acids
Reactions
Esterification with acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides
Reacts with strong bases (eg. NaOH) to form a phenoxide salt and water
ESTERS
Reactions
Hydrolysis with a strong acid catalyst under reflux to form a carboxylic acid and alcohol (reversible reaction)
Hydrolysis with a strong base/alkali to produce a carboxylate salt and alcohol
AMIDES
Reactions
Heat with strong acid catalyst to form a carboxylic acid (hydrolysis) and the ammonium ion
If a secondary amide is used, an amine salt is formed rather than ammonia
Heat with a concentrated strong alkali to form a carboxylate ion and an amine
ACYL CHLORIDES & ACID ANHYDRDIDES
Reactions
Acyl chlorides react with amines to form amides
Acyl chlorides react vigoursosly with alcohols and phenols to form esters
For acyl chlorides, the by product of the esterification reaction is HCl, and for acid anhydrides it is a carboxylic acid
AMINES
Reactions
Act as bases, so can react with acids to form a salt and water
Act as nucleophiles in reactions with acyl chlorides
ALDEHYDES & KETONES
Reactions
Addition reactions with HCN to form cyanohydrins
Reduction to alcohols by NaBH4
Oxidised to carboxylic acids with K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 catalyst, under reflux (aldehydes only)
NITRO GROUPS
Reactions
Reduced to amines by Sn and concentrated HCl
NITRILES
Reactions
Hydrolysis to carboxylic acids under reflux with acid catalyst
