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THE REING OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS, image, image, image, image, image,…
THE REING OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
FOREING POLICY
Main objectives
isolation of France
In 1493 an agreement was reached with France in which the territories of Roussillon and Cerdanya were returned to Aragón.
France continued to be their main enemy
To continue isolating France, the monarchs married their children to English princes and the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire, who governed Austria and Burgundy.
unification of the Iberian Peninsula
consolidation of the Crown of Aragón in the Mediterranean
expansion across the Atlantic.
Diplomatic and military strategies were used to achieve these
Diplomatic
The monarchs formed political agreements or alliances by marrying their children to the kings and princes of other European kingdoms
Union with portugal
The monarchs married their oldest daughter, Isabella of Aragón, to King Manuel I of Portugal
Their son, Miguel, was due to inherit the three kingdoms, but both mother and son died
María, was then married to the widowed king
Military.The Catholic Monarchs carried out a series of military conquests.
On the Iberian Peninsul
In 1492
Ferdinand the Catholic' conquered Navarra to prevent it from forming an alliance with France.
In 1512
Boabdil, the ruler of the kingdom of Granada, surrendered the last existing Muslim state on the Peninsula
Outside of the iberian peninsula
Northern Africa
Between 1497 and 1510 various enclaves which Berber pirates operated from were conquered
Italy
The forces of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba defeated the French at the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano and secured the Aragónese territories of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia
The Atlantic Ocean
The Canary Islands were conquered following the subjugation of their inhabitants, the Guanches
These islands would serve as a stop off point for Christopher Columbus' first voyage to the Americas in 1492.
Economy and society
Crown of Castilla
Transhumance livestock farming developed,
meaning the shepherds migrated with their flocks of sheep between seasons in search of new pastures
The flocks travelled along paths protected by the crown
cañadas reales
Catholic Monarchs received taxes from the wool trade, they gave numerous privileges to the association of shepherds that controlled this activity
Honrado Concejo de la Mesta
in 1494
Burgos Consulate was founded to control the exportation of wool from the Cantabrian ports (Bilbao and Santander) to the textile industries of Flanders and England, among others.
The Spanish textile industry developed just enough to cover domestic demand
Agriculture suffered due to the increase in livestock farming. The amount of pasture land increased, replacing the land dedicated to growing crops.
During the 16th century, the main source of wealth was precious metals (gold and silver) from the Americas.
Crown of Aragón
In castilla
the crisis of the 14th century provoked an increase in the abuses of the nobility, known as feudal abuses' as the number of available resources declined.
These abuses were taxes, fines and other arbitrary measures imposed by the feudal lords and led to a peasant uprising
War of the Remences
Trade in the Mediterranean benefitted from the incorporation of Italian territories into the Crown of Aragón. The main ports were Valencia and Barcelona.
Trade benefitted other economic activities like shipbuilding and the textile industry. The monarchs protected local industries by placing taxes or duties on foreign products.
Art and Culture
During the Catholic Monarchs' reign, new humanist and Renaissance ideas spread from Europe, although in the Hispanic kingdoms medieval traditions maintained their importance.
The Spanish Renaissance had the following characteristics:
The increase in the importance of the Castilian language. The philologist and historian Antonio de Nebrija published the first grammar of this language in 1492
The founding of new universities and the spread of the printing press
Cardinal Cisneros, the founder of Alcalá de Henares University, financed the Complutensian Polyglot Bible.
The sacred text was written in four languages: Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Chaldean, to make it easier to identify errors in translation.
The most important humanist
Juan Luis Vives
a converted Jew who went into exile to escape the Inquisition and spent the rest of his life in Flanders and England.
The Gothic artistic style was maintained
architecture
the main Gothic works of art were commissioned by the Catholic Monarchs, the Isabelline style, and Cardinal Cisneros, the Cisneros style'.
sculpture
the Italian Domenico Fancelli was a very important artist. He sculpted the Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs in Granada.
painting
the works of Pedro Berruguete were greatly influenced by the Flemish style.
