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TOPIC 11: INDEPENDENCE OF SOUTH AMERICA - Coggle Diagram
TOPIC 11: INDEPENDENCE OF SOUTH AMERICA
. . INDEPENDENCE OF SOUTH AMERICA:
When Fernando VII returned
to the throne in 1814,
patriotic military campaigns
subsisted in Venezuela and
the Río de la Plata. In the
first, Simón Bolívar -Member
of the Caraqueña boards of
1811- was named new military
leader, and in 1813 he liberated Mérida and Caracas in the so-called
Admirable Campaign, cities that gave him the title of "Liberator", united
forever to his first name. To quell the independence movement, Fernando
VII ordered to organize the so-called "Peacekeeping expedition" which,
under the command of Marshal Pablo Morillo, sailed from Cádiz in 1815. It
was the greatest force that would leave Spain in the course of the war: 65
main ships, 18 of battle, a ship of the line of 74 guns, 15,000 men,
accouterments, and provisions.
NEW GRANADA AND VENEZUELA:
Morillo soon resumed control of Venezuela and New Granada. But, in 1817,
Bolívar, Piar, Páez, and other Venezuelan leaders reactivated the war. Bolivar
faced and defeated Morillo in Calabozo, in 1818. However, later, Morillo
counterattacked and defeated Bolivar in the valley of Aragua. Then Bolívar
crossed the Andes and defeated the royalists in the battle of Pantano de Vargas
(25-07-1819). which sealed the independence of New Granada.
One more year of skirmishes and Morillo and Bolívar sign the War
Regularization Treaty (27-11-1820), which ends the "War to Death" period. A
few months later, the royalist army was defeated in the battle of Carabobo, the
final victory of Venezuela's independence (June 25, 1821)
INDEPENDENCE OF ECUADOR:
Let us remember how the independence of
Guayaquil was proclaimed (9-10-1820), the
arrival of the patriot army commanded by
Antonio José de Sucre, and its triumph in
Pichincha (24-05-1822), which culminated
the independence of the Great Colombia.
Let us remember, also, that Bolivar defeated
the royalist pastures in the battle of
Bomboná, and entered triumphant Quito (16-06-1822) and, later, he waited for
the president of Peru, General José de San Martín, to discuss the strategy to
end the war against the royalists
ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY, AND URUGUAY:
The first Junta de Buenos Aires (25-051810) organized three military campaigns
to subdue the Spanish forces in the interior, but they were not successful.
However, a revolution spontaneously broke out in Asuncion (14-05-1811), and
the resulting government-held independent. This is how the Republic of Paraguay
was created.
In the Banda Oriental, the rural population rose against the Spanish authorities in
Montevideo. Colonel José Artigas commanded the revolutionary troops who
defeated the royalists at the Battle of Las Piedras (18-05-1811) and besieged the
walled Montevideo, where the viceregal government had moved.
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE:
San Martin was not discouraged and
decided to continue with his plans,
only now he first had to liberate
Chile. For that he spent years
making weapons, bullets and all
kinds of equipment, and organizing
the Army of the Andes. The
crossing was epic, but, as they had
planned, the six columns met less
than a month later in the Aconcagua Valley and although it suffered a serious
defeat in Cancha Rayada (19-03-1818), it triumphed in the decisive battle
of Maipú (5-04-1818), assuring the independence of Chile
PERU:
Together with O'Higgins, and with
200,000 pesos that he obtained from
Buenos Aires, San Martín managed to
buy a naval squadron to attack the
Spaniards in Peru by sea. San Martin
sailed from Valparaíso (20-08-1820)
with a fleet of eight warships and 16
transport ships, and 4,500 men from
the armies of the Andes and Chile. It
disembarked in Pisco (8-09-1820), and forced the realistic army to retreat towards
the mountain range
SAN MARTIN AND BOLIVAR:
In their meetings in Guayaquil (26 and 27- 07-1822), Bolivar, liberator, and
president of Gran Colombia, and San Martin, protector of Peru, talked about what
was missing to complete the freedom of America: the defeat of the last realistic
bastion in Peru. Surprisingly, San Martin gave Bolivar the initiative of the war
completely. He returned to Lima, resigned from the government of Peru (20-
091822), and returned to his home in Mendoza, Argentina (01-1823). A year later,
discouraged by the death of his wife and the internal fights between Unitarians
and Federals, he emigrated to Europe, where he died in 1850
. END OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE:
In 1823, Bolívar was authorized
by the Congress of the Gran
Colombia to take command of
an expedition to Peru. In
September of that year, he
arrived in Lima and met with
Sucre and the Peruvian leaders
to plan the attack. Bolivar and Sucre defeated the Spanish army at the Battle
of Junín (6-08-1824).
Four months later, while Bolivar had gone to Lima to raise more money and
receive a new contingent of troops, Sucre was forced to give battle and destroyed
the last bastion of the Spanish army at the battle of Ayacucho (9-12-1824) ,
which put an end to Spanish rule in South America.
Sucre went to Alto Peru in 1825, where there was no resistance, and made it
independent as a sovereign state that adopted the name of Bolivia in honor of
Simón Bolívar