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CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP term 3 :male-judge:, image, image, image, image,…
CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP
term 3 :male-judge:
KEY CONCEPTS
JUSTICE
e.g. the right to a fair trial, legal representation, unbiased juries
people should treat each other in a manner that is fair and balanced for all
DEMOCRACY
representative democracy: representatives are elected to make laws on our behalf, citizens over 18 years of age are required to vote
a system of government-run by the people for the people
DEMOCRATIC VALUES
respect, equality, fairness and freedom
democratic values are the beliefs and ideals that are held by our society as a democracy
WEST MINSTER
a sovereign (king, queen, or governor-general): the head of state various powers required to give final approval
parliament system consisting of 2 chambers/houses, they're elected by people to make laws
PARTICIPATION
good citizens contribute to taking part in an election or referendum, serving in a jury or paying taxes
RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
refers to our entitlements and duties as citizens
rights:
freedom of religion
protection against discrimination
responsibilities:
pay taxes
obey the law
Principles of Australia's government system
1. GOVERNMENTS MUST PROTECT THE RIGHT AND FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL
liberal democracy
2. GOVERNMENT MUST MAKE LAWS THAT REFLECT THE VIEWS AND VALUES OF THE PEOPLE
representative government
this is achieved through free and fair elections
Australia is one of the few countries that has compulsory voting
3. GOVERNMENTS MUST BE ACCOUNTABLE TO THE PEOPLE
responsible government
this is achieved through parliamentary question time and emailing or visiting your local member's office
any member of government who acts on a dishonourable manner has a duty to resign from their position
4. THERE MUST BE A SEPARATION OF POWERS
no single group or body within our parliamentary system has power over both the political and legal systems
three main powers at federal level consist of; executive, legislative and judiciary
our governments must not abuse or make laws beyond their power
System of government - Australia and Indonesia
Indonesia
History
Dutch ruled Indonesia for 300 years
1942 Japan invaded during World War 2
1945 Japan surrendered Indonesia formed a temporary government and declared an independent republic
Type of government
Representative democratic republic
representatives elected to make laws on behalf of the people
no monarch, Head of State: president
Levels of government
Three levels of government
National: responsible for making laws applying to the country
Provincial: making laws applying for provinces
District: making laws applying to cities
Structure of national parliament
bicameral system (two houses)
Peoples Representative council (lower house)
560 members/seats
Regional Representatives council (upper house)
132 members/seats
Separation of powers
No single group or body can ever hold each of the three main branches of power in the Indonesian parliamentary system
make laws: National, Provincial and District
administer: the President, Joko Widodo
implement the laws: held by courts and judges
Australia
History
1788 British arrived
Each colony established their own parliament
1st of Jan 1901
parliament passed law to unite colonies to form one federal system of parliament
Type of government
Representative democracy
system of government run by the people for the people, representatives are elected to make laws on our behalf
Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II
Levels of government
Three levels of government
Federal: power to make laws that apply to the country
e.g. immigration, defence, currency
head: Prime Minister
State: laws that apply to that state
e.g. schools, hospitals
head: Premier
Local: responsible for services in local areas
e.g. rubbish collection, parks
head: Mayor
Structure of national parliament
bicameral system (two houses)
House of Representatives (lower house)
151 members/seats
The Senate (upper house)
76 members/seats
Separation of powers
No single group within the parliamentary system has power over both the political and legal system
Legislative: power to make the law
House of Reps and The Senate
Executive: power to implement the law
Governor General, Prime Minister
Judiciary: power to apply the law
High Court, Federal courts
Threats to Australia's Democratic system
Media bias and voting
democratic system relies on individuals being able to make decisions about which political party could meet their demands
voters gain information from the media
its essential that the media presents impartial and unbiased information especially in the lead-up to elections
Influence of those wealthy
wealthy individuals and large corporations have been able to have an influence over government policy
making large donations to parties who benefit their interests
e.g. Charles Bass (co-founder of large mining company) donated $200 000 to the Liberals
e.g. Phillip Morris (tobacco company) donated to he Liberals help with tobacco packaging laws
Organised crime
criminal groups and networks that undertake very carefully planned criminal activities
threats national security and safety of citizens
costs economy $15 million per year
e.g. drug trafficking, trafficking of weapons and human trafficking
Corruption
the immoral use of power for personal gain, is another factor that threatens democracies all around the world
Australia is viewed as the least corrupt public or government sector in the world.
Over the last five years, Australia's system has increased in corruption, bribery and fraud and various organisations
Safeguard of Australia
People elect the government
each state, territory and federal parliament is elected y the people
compulsory voting means our government have the support of majority of the people
Government uphold out shared values
main feature of democracy is that out parliament makes and enforces laws that protect out shared values so that all citizens are treated equally
the laws protect out right to: a fair trial, basic health care and education, life and security
The right to dissent
individuals have the right to oppose or disagree with the views held by the government
freedom of speech and freedom of assembly allow us to protest without fear of punishment
Process to resolve differences
to keep peach, processes exist to help groups or individuals resolve their problems or disbutes
processes can be in formal setting (courts) or informal domestic setting:
negotiation - where parties get together and try to discuss the key issue in their dispute to reach a settlement between them
mediation - parties meet with an independent third party who helps them discuss issues and reach a mutual resolution
reconciliation - process of renewing a relationship between parties, usually required forgiveness
SOCIAL ISSUE
Description
whales and dolphin shows aren't as cheerful as they seem because behind the scenes, these sea animals are going through the frightening reality of captivity
whales and dolphins experience stress related deaths and small living areas
public display industry captures many species of marine animals for entertainment and breeding purposes
Impacts
Dolphins
forced to swim in infinite circles in artificial habitats, interact with unfamiliar dolphins as well as perform unnatural behaviours
unnatural behaviours they demonstrate is loss of appetite, ulcers, poking their head out of the water, beaching themselves and indicating for food
causes them to suffer from stress-related illnesses which could lead to their death
Whales
experience a wide range of unusual conditions, often dying at an early age due to infections and health conditions
forced to send most of their time in captivity along the surface of the water causing skin problems and stress = dorsal fin collapse
whales are prone to attack their trainers, members of public and other whales out of frustration
Causes
Whales
main cause of whale captivity is the entertainment industry such as SeaWorld, Loro Parque and other marine parks
the crowd is a significant cause of whale captivity, paying to watch gigantic flips and splashes
whales are also hunted for their meat which was a greatly popular dish in Japan
Dolphins
there are many causes of dolphin slaughter and captivity, one being the Taiji dolphin dives
Taiji is known as the biggest dolphin supplier world wide with their own 'swim with a dolphin' programs in several locations
if dolphins aren't selected for dolphinariums, they are murdered
Solutions
facilities worldwide can work with experts to extract whales and dolphins from marine parks
create sanctuaries where captive dolphins and orcas can be rehabilitated and retired
shutting down the Taiji dolphin cove that kills over 23,000 dolphins/porpoises every year
United nations
Type of work UN carries out
provides food to 90 million people in 75 countries
vaccinates 58% of the world's children, saving 2.5 million lives a year
assists over 34 million refugees and people fleeing war or famine
fights poverty, helping 370 million rural people achieve better lives
protects and promotes human rights
mobilises $12.5 billion in humanitarian aid to help people affected by emergencies
Australia's role in the UN
one of the first 51 countries to become a member in 1945
Australia is not a powerful nation compared to other nations
allows Australia to have a voice international affairs
helps Australia protect its one economic and security interests
Commitments
international peace and security
creating friendships between nations
helping nations work together to support poor people. reduce hunger and disease, promote literacy
promotes rights and freedoms
providing a central point where nations can come together
an organisation that promotes international cooperation
they work to bring all nations of the world together, focusing on human rights and international justice
general assembly: where member nations meet to discuss issues and problems of global importance
created in 1945
193 members
Australia international responsibilites
Foreign aid
the assistance in the form of money, skills or other resources transferred from one country to another, for humanitarian resources
Australia regularly gives foreign aid in many forms mostly to countries in need in out regions
used to develop a better living standard: providing schools, roads, water supply and medical assistance
in 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was adopted
wiped out poverty
providing universal education
stop the spread of diseases
Environment
most important area of environmental protection is dealing with climate change
Australia has a national and international responsibility to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to avert the effects of climate change
in 2008, the Kyoto protocol agreement internationally binging emission reductions targets were set
Australia must cute emissions by 5% below 2000 levels by 2020
Peace keeping
maintaining peace and security in a region
protecting civilians: civilians are those whoa are not on active duty with the military, navy, police or fire-fighting organisations
disarming those who are involved in fighting; for example, controlling and disposing weapons
protecting and promoting human rights
Australia has contributed to the UN's peacekeeping missions with 3500 Australians serving in peace and security operations in various parts of the world today
Human rights
entitlements that all human beings possess regardless of their nationality, place of residence, sex, ethnic origin, colour, religion and etc.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted to be the basis of international human rights law
all people are born free and equal
everyone is entitled to the same rights and freedoms
everyone has the right to live
no one should be a subject to torture or slavery
everyone is equal before the law
no one should be subject to randomly being arrested
