Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
A - A-114 - 3M DEVELOPMENT COST CAN BE CONTROLLED DURING DESIGN STAGE,…
A - A-114 - 3M
DEVELOPMENT COST CAN BE CONTROLLED
DURING DESIGN STAGE
methods of construction
Roofs
pitch roof
roof insulation, rafter, structure
flat roof
Kaedah memasang roof covering
Sudut pitch 20 degree- 30 degree
If lebih dari 30 degree jenis roof covering dah berbeza
Ada sesetengah rumah guna 45 degree
Upper floor
Concrete floor
in-situ concrete
precast concrete
Timber floor
Softwood
Engineered wood
Problems
Mudah terbakar
Sumber susah nak cari
Substructure
Piling
Displacement pile
Performed
Formed in-situ
Hollow tube
Screw
Replacement pile
Bore pile
Methods of construction
Pad foundation
Raft foundation
Bergantung pada tanah tanih
Keupayaan kewangan
Foundation
Conventional strip foundations
Suitable for residential, educational & industrial. Fairly light loading. Subsoil of reasonable load-bearing capacity such as sand, gravel with small proportion clay.
Raft foundations
More economic to use flexible raft foundation with thin reinforced concrete slabs on bed of sand in lieu of rigid raft which comprises concrete beams.
Vibrocompaction
Cheaper than piled foundations or deep mass concrete blocks
Piled and ground beam foundations
In-situ concrete pile generally about 15% - 30% cheaper for a relatively short piles. For piles may be closer to the precast concrete piles.
Site condition
External Walls
Curtain walling
Can be more expensive than brickwall
Cheaper solution to use glass
Cladding Wall
More Expensive
Good Quality
Good Material
Advantages
Cost meningkat disebabkan quantity wall yang bertambah
FRAME
Precast concrete frame
Precast concrete is a dry type construction
Requires a short construction period
Component size is influenced by the type of transport
This type of construction is expensive and needs to be designed carefully by the expert
Offers variety of quality finishes
In situ concrete frame
The cost for in-situ concrete is lower than steel frame
The concrete frame structures have better fire resistance
Buildings with short spans are suitable to be constructed using the concrete frame.
Use of formwork up to four to six times
Allows buildings to be completed earlier
It is not dry type construction.
Licin, tanah lembut, penternakan nyamuk aedes
steel frame
steel structure is more flexible for a grid system
The installation of service systems can be easily done with this structure
Steel frame has a very high strength
The use of plant can increases construction cost
suitable for land that is sensitive to settlements and movement
Not suitable for narrow sites
The construction period can be shortened indirectly can reduce cost
disadvantages
Steel structure will collapse if there is fire
Early damage to the structure can be traced if its not completely protected
Vulnerable to changes in weather
The size of the columns are smaller
Can be easily changed and erected
Timber frame
Consist of hardwood studs and braces nailed with simple butt joints
Advantages
Speed
Can be erected quickly
timber frame can be erected even in cold condition (below 2 degree celcius)
Insulation
Timber absorb heat slower. Hence, from inside of the building, it will reduce heat loss.
It is light, allow for quick construction
Problem
not highlly fireproof, as it made of wood
sumber susah nak cari
Popular construction method in United State and Europe
dry wall
Suitable for big office
fire resistance
acoustic characteristic
shape
cost
more cheap
weight
integration of services facielities
has more detailing
preparation of drawing and cutting
wrapping
wet wall
window
material used
timber
steel
aluminium
plastic
stainless steel
the ratio of window area to GFA differs
cost forlarge window may be minimal
for small windows, the cost is high
quantity of window
types and size of opening
hinges
slides or pivots
window cost (factors)
material used
Frame work-softwood, hardwood, steel, aluminium or plastics.
methods of manufacturing
Standard pattern stock unit
Purpose made design - may cost 50% extra of the standard design
performance
High perfomance characteristics can add 40% to a typical dwelling type window
types of glass used
float glass
safety laminated glass
tinted glass
tempered glass
types of ironmongery used
Enourmous variation of quality, type & cost.
types of light
Opening lights - extra costs for manufacturing the casement, angle jointing &ironmongery
type of window
Hinges
Slide/ pivots
casement
louvered or pivot
safety requirements
cost increase
design economics
To value created by those employed in design roles in a wide variety of industries
Building Plan Shape
higher wall/GFA ratio, higher cost of a building
big square building is most economical
circular shape, bigger volume with minimum enclosing wall is economical
cost will be higher if
longer roof span
more internal partitions
more walkways/corridors
good natural lighting system
must consider the building function suitability
consider size of building
Building size
greater floor area lower cost per square meter
small wall to GFA ratio is more economical
Bangunan yang group together lebih murah sebab berkongsi dinding
Building total height
Macam baloon framing
Tinggi seluruh bangunan
Basement ke tingkat atas
Increase of building height influences cost of building
Consider for high rise building
Cost changes according to
type
shape
construction of the building
the cost of lift,escalator and stairs will also increase in height of storey
Maintenance cost increase
more difficult
need for special equipment
increase
wiring
piping
air-conditioning system
To get maximum floor use for expensive land
Basement kira sebahagian daripada tingkat pertama.
Changes in the number of storeys
Different in a number of storeys
Nak buang berapa tingkat
Plumbing work
Hold water/ cold water
higher storey, longer piping works, higher cost
Untuk air sisa kumbahan
bigger building, more connection
Construction cost of stairs
higher building, higher cost
cable lifts cost
increase in storey height will effect
external wall
internal wall
wall finishes
air conditioning system
spatial volume increase, higher cost
more space, more capacity for cooling
Circulation area
Floor plan
more high, more complicated, more pricy
Planning efficiency ratio
closer to 1, higher benefits
wall to floor ratio
higher ratio, more costly, more complicated
DENSITY
Sebab air lebih tumpat
L X W X H
Semakin besar isi padu bangunan
dipanaskan
disejukkan
Hypothesis
Lagi besar isipadu bangunan lagi tinggi untuk kita punya bangunan dipanaskan atau disejukkan
Group of building
Terrace
Pembinaan tangga
Semi D house
Bunglo
Penjagaan bumbung
Appartment
Clusters
Buildability
Ability to built
Tiada kebolehbinaan (pada zaman dulu)
Sebab tiada human resources
Takde orang boleh buat
Builtdability
For nowadays, dari segi technology takde masalah
Cost agak problem sebab mahal
Site factor
Effect of site on building size
Bina tanah ikut shape tanah
Site mempengaruhi building size
Limited size of the land will limit the size of the building to be built
Effect of site on design building
Size mempengaruhi design bangunan
Effect of site on plot ratio
ratio of the site area with the total construction area
Selalunya architect dan landscape architect yang guna
Basement carpet kita tak kira
GFA calculation purpose
Car parks
Motorcycle bays
Bicycle park bays
Ramp
Helix
Sidewalk
Garbage collection centre
Floor area for open-air stalls
Landscape area
Open balconies
Open terraces
Air spaces
Drive-through areas
Air well areas
Roof
Effect of site location on design
load bearing capacity
Effect of site condition on design
Steep slopes
Load bearing capacity
To support the pad foundation
Pool
Lift cable cost
Internal Walls and partition