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KINGDOM ANIMALIA, d6d20e5a1396534a89ad26effa0a42c5, download tapeworm,…
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
GERM LAYERS
Dipoblastic
(2 germ layers)
-Ectoderm (outermost layer)
-Endoderm (innermost layer)
Triplobalstic
(3 germ layers)
-Ectoderm
-Mesoderm (lies between ectoderm and endoderm)
-Endoderm
COELOM (Body Cavity)
Acoelomates
: No coelom
Pseudocoelomates
: Coelom is not completely lined by mesoderm
Coelomates
: Coelom is completely lined by mesoderm
BODY SYMMETRY
Radial Symmetry
(Radiata)
Bilateral Symmetry
(Bilateria)
TISSUES
Eumatozoa
: True Tissue
Parazoa
: No true tissue
CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA
5) PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Modes of nutrition
: filter feeders (clams), detritivores (snails) and predators (squid)
Triploblastic
Bilateral symmetry
Coelomates
Main parts of body
2) Visceral mass
(internal organs such as nephridia, hearts, etc.)
-
Torsion
: rotation of visceral mass up to 180° causing
anus & mantle cavity to be placed above head (in adult gastropods)
3) Mantle
(secrete CaCO3 to harden shell)
1) Muscular foot
(for movement/locomotion)
Have
radula
, (backward curved teeth) a rasplike organ for feeding
Open circulatory system (except Cephalopods)
CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA
CLASS GASTROPODA
(eg :
Achatina
sp.)
CLASS CEPHALOPODA
(eg :
Sepia
sp.)
CLASS BIVALVIA
(eg:
Anadara
sp.)
Some are
hermaphrodites
but most have separate sexes
6) PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Acoelomeates
(fluid-filled)
Excretory system
:
Nephridial system
consisting of
nephrostome
which is covered with cilia to help push water and metabolic waste from body
Bilateral symmetry
Segmented body
to help in locomotion and movement as each segment has many muscles
Triploblastic
CLASSIFICATION OF ANNELIDA
1) Class Oligochaeta
(eg: earthworm)
-
Soil aeration
: helps prevent soil from becoming excessively acidic or alkaline and for soil fertility by grinding soil granules to provide nutrients for plants
2) Class Polychaeta
(ragworm)
3) Class HIrudinea
(eg : leech)
-
Medical use
: As anti-coagulant (Heparin) where it prevents blood clotting and dissolves blood clots and also used for treatment for bruised tissues to stimulate blood circulation
4) PHYLUM NEMATODA
Absence of chetae/setae and clitellum
Modes of nutrition
: Decomposers (free living) and parasites
Have
complete digestive tract
(with mouth and anus)
Elephantiasis
causing agent,
Brugia
malayi (long roundworm
blocks the body's lymphatic system
causing accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the tissues resulting in
swelling of limbs
)
Pseudocoelomates
(Pseudocoelom serves as blood vascular system)
Triploblastic
7) PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Paired and joined appendages
for locomotion, reproduction, feeding and defense
Tagmata
(segmented body) which consists of
head, thorax and abdomen
and each segment has specific functions
Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry, coelomates
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODA
CLASS DIPLOPODA
(eg:
Iulus
sp./milipede)
CLASS INSECTA
(eg :
Valanga
sp./grasshopper)
CLASS CHILOPODA
(eg :
Scolopendra
sp./centipede)
CLASS ARACHNIDA
(eg:
Nephila
sp./spider)
CLASS CRUSTACEA
(eg:
Macrocrachium
sp./freshwater shrimp)
CLASS MEROSTOMATA
(eg:
Tachypleus
sp./horseshoe crab)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
: Gills (aquatic), Trachea (terrestrial), Book lung (terrestrial)
NERVOUS SYSTEM
: Exhibits
Cephalisation
(most sensory organs are located at anterior end (head)
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
: Consist of
hemolymph
, heart, short arteries, sinus, ostia
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE SUCCESS OF ARTHROPODS
3) DEVELOPMENT OF TAGMATA
: Unique structures with different functions for survival
4) ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS OF STRIATED MUSCLES
: Enables arthropoda to react faster to stimuli due to fast contraction of striated muscles
2) PAIRED JOINTED APPENDAGES
: Enables various kinds of movement (walking, feeding, defense and mating)
5) DEVELOPMENT OF HEMOCOEL
: Enables the body to distend during
ecdysis
1) LIGHT AND WATERPROOF CHITINOUS EXOSKELETON
: Able to withstand dryness and to provide attachment sire for muscle
3) PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
Known as
flatworms
Have
unsegmented body
to place cells close to surrounding
Modes of nutrition
: Parasites, Scavenger (feeds on carrion, dead plant material) and predators
Triploblastic
Acoelomates
Hermaphrodite
Protonephridia
as excretory organ consist of network of tubules with
flame bulb
(ciliated structure)
Classification
CLASS TREMATODA
(eg : Fluke)
CLASS TURBELLARIA
(eg : Planaria)
CLASS CESTODA
(eg : tapeworm)
8) PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Separate sexes and undergoes external fertilization
Has
water vascular system
which aids in movement, respiration, excretion, feeding
Spinky skin
made up of CaCO3 plates covering endoskeleton
Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry (larval stage) and radial symmetry (adults)
Most are
sessile
or slow moving
CLASSIFICATION OF ECHINODERM
CLASS CRINOIDEA
(eg: Sea Lily)
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
(eg: Sea Urchin)
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
(eg: Holothuria)
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
(eg: Ophiura)
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
(eg: asterias/starfish)
2) PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Diploblastic
Radial symmetry
Body shapes
:
Polyp
(sessile and cylindrical) and
Medusa
(free swimming and bell shaped)
Dimorphism
: can exist in 2 different forms (Polyp and Medusa)
Eumatozoa
: Have true tissue
Classification
CLASS HYDROZOA
(eg: Obelia sp)
CLASS SCYPHOZOA
(eg : Aurelia sp.)
CLASS ANTHOZOA
(eg : Actinia sp.)
9) PHYLUM CHORDATA
MAJOR SUBPHYLA
UROCHORDATA
(eg : Sea Squirt)
HEMICHORDATA
(eg: Acorn worm)
-Wormlike marine invertebrates
-Have primitive notochord and pharyngeal slits
CEPHALOCHRODATA
(eg : Lancelet)
-Invertebrate chordate
-Large notochord
VERTEBRATA
-Backbone is built around notochord
Has a
closed circulatory system
Has
myotomes
a series of segmented muscle blocks
Has
post-anal tail
which provides propulsive force in aquatic species
Has
dorsal hollow nerve chord
which develops into CNS (brain & spinal cord)
Has
pharyngeal slits
which allows water to enter the mouth (As
suspension feeding
in Invertebrate Chordate and for
gaseous exchange
in Aquatic Vertebrate
Has
notochord
which gives rise to the formation of vertebral column to provide support
CLASSES OF CHORDATES
CLASS REPTILIA
(eg : crocodile)
CLASS AVES
(eg : pigeon)
CLASS AMPHIBIA
(eg : frog)
CLASS MAMMALIA
(eg : rat)
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
(eg : bony fish)
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
(eg : cartilagenous fish)
1) PHYLUM PORIFERA
Parazoa
: Do not have true tissue
Sessile
or Non-motile
Habitat
: Most are marine, some lives in freshwater
Hermaphrodites
: Have both male and female reproductive systems
Sponge bodies perforated by tiny holes
Have differentiated tissues like
Choanocytes
(collar cells) which have flagella to generate water current and
Amoebocytes
to absorb and digest food
tapeworm
fluke
planaria
Aurelia
sp.
Obelia
sp.
Actinia
sp.
Leucosolenia
sp
Achatina
sp.
Sepia
sp.
Anadara
sp.
Ragworm
Leech
Earthworm
Centipede
Milipede
Freshwater shrimp
Horseshoe Crab
Sea Lily
Sea Urchin
Starfish
Diagram of Notochord, Pharyngeal slits, Hollow Chord and Post-anal tail
Myotome
