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Chapter 11 Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis, Reductions and Oxidations,…

- - - - Quanta
      - Photons
      - Electromagnetic radiation spectrum
    - - Pigments
        
        Chlorophyll a
        
        Fluorescence: the release of light by a pigment
        
        Any material that absorbs wavelengths
      - Electrons
        
        Ground state
        
        Excited state
        
        Activated
      - Photochemical process
        
        Action spectrum
        
        Absorption spectrum
        
        #
        
        Accessory pigments: molecules that strongly absorb wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a.
        
        Resonance
        
        Allows chlorophyll b to absorb wavelengths that chlorophyll a would miss and then transfer to chlorophyll a for use in chemical reactions.
        
        Photosynthetic unit:
        pigments and carriers in granular arrays
        # #
        
        Reaction center: structure that contains a pair of special molecules of chlorophyll a, whose properties differ from those of all of other molecules of chlorophyll a in the complex.
        
        Antenna complex #
        
        Photosystem I: photosynthetic units with little chlorophyll b
        
        P700: reaction center
        
        ferredoxin: reduced Fox immediately passes through this protein in the thylakoid membrane
        
        Ferredoxin-NADP+-reductiase: deuces NADP+ Converting to NADPH
        
        Photosystem II: Photosynthetic units with plenty of chlorophyll b is present at levels almost equal to chlorophyll a
        
        Cytochrome b6/f complex: gets electrons from a molecule of plastoquinone
        
        Q: a molecule of quinone, a carrier.
        
        Phaeophytin: a chlorophyll a molecule that does not have magnesium atoms
        
        P680: reaction center of Photosystem II
        
        Electron transport chain: electrons are moved from P680 to P700 #
        
        The Synthesis of ATP
        
        Chemiosmotic phospohorolation : generates necessary ATP in mitiochrondria
        
        Grana (sing. Granum): thylakoids in one region form vesicles at the same spot, forming in sets #
        
        Frets: thylakoids that’s lie between grana #
        
        Stroma: liquid surrounding the thylakoid system #
        
        Thylakoid lumen: thylakoid compartment, enzymes and electon carriers are embedded in the membrane layer facing the lumen. #
        
        ATP synthase
        
        Channels of complex sets of enzymes that can synthesize ATP from ADP and Posphate
        
        CF0-CF1 Complex
        
        ATP synthase of chloroplasts specifically
        
        Noncyclic electron transport: when electrons flow smoothly from water to NADPH
        
        Cyclic Transport Chain: the plastoquinones carry the electons along just as thought they had gotten them from Q & use their energy ot pump more protons into the thylakoid lumen.
        
        With it, chloroplasts make extra ATP w/o making extra NADPH
  - - - Acceptor molecule (ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate [RuBP]): reacts with molecule of carbon dioxide
        
        3-phosphoglycerate (C3): orbitals are rearranged and two identical molecules are formed that contain 3 carbons each
        
        RuBP carboxylase (RUBISCO): enzyme that carries out this reaction. One of the largest & most complex enzymes- 2 protein subunits.
        
        1,3-diphosphohlycerate: when an ATP donated a high-energy phosphate group to the 3-phosphoglycerate
        
        3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) : a phosphate comes off in the next step too. #
    - - Ababolism: constructive metabolism
      - Anabolic reactions
      - The Synthesis of Polysaccharides
        
        Gluconeogenesis: anabolic synthesis of glucose
        
        Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
        
        Fructose-1, 6-biphosphate
        
        Fructose-6-phosphate
        
        Glucose-6-phosphate