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- - - - In 1830, France's King Charles X tried to stage a return to absolute monarchy
        
        The attempt sparked riots that forced Charles to flee to Great Britain
        
        He was replaced by Louis-Philippe, who had long supported liberal reforms in France
      - My Question: What were the radicals other goals for the revolution besides a democratic government?
      - Concept: Revolution This is revolution because the radicals wanted to overthrow the government and create an entire new one. They were tired of being ruled by a king.
  - - - The new republican government began to fall apart almost immediately.
        
        The radicals split into factions.
        
        One side wanted political reform.
        
        One side wanted social and economic reform.
        
        It would close up the differences in wealth between the "haves" and "have nots."
        
        The differences set off a bloody battle in Parisian streets.
        
        Q: How were the actions of the radicals contrary to their philosophy?
        A: They advocated for rule by democracy, but practiced rule by violence
        
        Concept: Conflict This is conflict because the radicals couldn't decide what type of reform they wanted which ended in a bloody battle
        
        More about the new republican government
      - My Question: Why did they push for a republic if their goal was to get a democratic government?
    - - As a result, a moderate constitution was drawn up later in 1848.
        
        It called for a parliament and a strong president to be elected by the people
        
        My Question: Do the French people still use this parliament today?
        
        1848 French Presidential Election
  - - - A majority of French voters accepted this action without complaint.
        
        The French were weary on instability.
        
        They welcomed a strong ruler who would bring peace to France.
      - Q: Was the election of Louis-Napoleon a victory for the radicals? Explain
        A: Yes and no. Yes because he was elected by the people which is what the radicals pushed for. No because he would later declare himself as Emperor of the French Republic instead of a democratic government.
    - - Gradually, because of Louis-Napoleon's policies, unemployment decreased in France, and the country experienced real prosperity.
        
        More about Louis-Napoleon's policies
      - Concept: Industrialization This is industrialization because Louis-Napoleon's policies helped encourage industrialization
- - - - Revolutions happened in Spain, Portugal, Russia, and Italy that led to constitutional monarchies
        
        Normally it would spread through their own countries which worried leaders that the citizens might do it
        
        The Italian Revolution was more about making the smaller states become one and the other revolutions were to split up a larger nation
        
        The first people to win during this period were the Greeks, whom were part of the Ottoman Empire.
        
        In the year of 1821, Greek demanded independence and rebelled against the Ottoman Turks
        
        Concept: Independence. Greek wanted independence from the Ottoman Turks and rebelled against them in 1821
        
        What was the reason for wanting independence?
        
        More about the Italian Revolution
        
        Q. How were the revolutions in Italy different from the revolutions in Greece Belgium and Poland?
        A. The Italian revolution sought to combine smaller states the other revolutions sought to split up a larger nation
      - Q. Why did leaders of powerful countries oppose revolution even when not directed against them?
        A. Leaders would oppose revolution because it usually spread throughout the countries which worried the leaders that their citizens will revolt.
  - - - Liberals and nationalists throughout Europe began revolting against conservative governments.
        
        Many liberal gains were given to conservatives. One country after another, the revolutionaries failed to care for themselves or their nations.
        
        By 1849, Europe had basically returned back to the conservatism that controlled the governments before the year of 1848.
        
        What specifically were the gains that were given?
      - More about liberals and nationalists
- - - - These political groups included Conservatives, Liberals, and Radicals.
      - How can people have such different philosophies?
        
        People can have such different philosophies because every person has a different perspective based on their past experiences. People's perspectives and opinions can change at any time based on their family, friends, experiences, etc. Their perspectives can also differ based on what religion they believe in.
        
        Culture: Culture is traditions, customs, or way of life of a community. This relates to this sections because most of people in these societies based their philosophies on their cultures.
      - Change: Change is to make or become different. This relates to this section because the people that were apart of the radical group wanted to make drastic changes to the government systems during this time period.
    - - In the United States we have a democratic and a republican party in our government system. Furthermore, the republican party would fall under the conservative school. On the other hand, the democrats would be considered the liberal school, as well as the radical school on some circumstances.
  - - - Radicals wanted to spread democracy to every society.
      - This includes that everyone should practice the ideals of the French Revolution. In other words, they wanted liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
        
        Radicals also believed in anarchism, where a government is not needed and could be harmful in societies.
        
        How could having a government system in place be harmful?
        
        More About Anarchism in Europe
    - - More about Liberals in the 19th Century.
- - - - The national movement would help separate the three different political theories
        
        A nation-state helps protect its nation, while representing to the rest of the world
        
        The only states in Europe during 1815 that were considered nation-states were France, England, and Spain
        
        Soon after, the nationalist movement became more successful, which caused this to change.
        
        Change: change was a major concept presented in this section, because after the movement became more know, more states were being changed to nation-states
        
        A nation would become a nation-state, if it had its own independent government
        
        More about nation-states
      - Q: How did nationalism blur the line between philosophies?
      - A: Nationalism blurred the line between philosophies by attracting people from all different schools of philosophy.
      - More about the national movement
  - - - People wanted the decision of how they were going to be governed, instead of having monarchs
        
        Most often nationalism was believed by liberals or radicals
        
        Most of the time, the liberals were the reason for the hardship of constitutional government and nation-states
        
        This differed among many different states, because the liberals had different views than others.
        
        Q: What goal did liberals in Germany and Austria have?
        
        A: The goals that liberals in Germany had was that they wanted the different German states to connect and make one single nation-state. The goals of Austria was that they wanted to split away from others, and establish their own rules.
        
        Self interest: self interest was a main concept in this section, because these states made the decision that would best advantage them.
        
        Consequence: consequence was a major concept presented in this section, because the liberals had to pay the price for the hardship of government and nation-states
        
        Why was nationalism only most often believed by these people?
      - Did this lead to more freedom in people with this decision?
- - - - Russia's industries and transportation systems were not adequate enough to keep their troops well supplied during the fight.
        
        After the war Nicolas's son, Alexander ll decided to move Russia towards a modern and social change. Both Alexander and his advisors believed that his reforms would allow Russia to compete with western Europe for world power.
        
        More about Alexander II
  - - - Under Russias Feudal system, serfs were bound to the Nobles whose land they worked, Nobles enjoyed having almost complete power over them.
        
        By the 1820s many Russians believed the serfdom needed to end and believed that it was morally wrong and it was hindering them them from advancing economically.
        
        What took them this long to notice the problem with serfdom?
      - More about Russia's Feudal System
  - - - Peasant communities was given about half of the farmland in the country.
        
        The other half of the land was given to the nobles.
        
        The government paid the nobles for this land that was given to them.
        
        Why did the government pay them for the land?
      - These peasants were required to pay the government, however was given 49 years to pay off this debt.
    - - Once the serfs were freed, this led to a positive effect on the peasants. Peasant communities were able to gain more land, however had to pay the government for the land that they used. Not only were they able to gain more land, but their nutrition also improved as well. They were able to eat at better circumstances and were able to get more nutrients from their food.