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Cannabis sativa, Spice - A DANGEROUS ALTERNATIVE - Coggle Diagram
Cannabis sativa
Medical-CURES SYMPTOMS NOT DISEASES
Javed, Fawad, et al. “Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 20, Oct. 2020. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3390/ijerph17207435.
Study claims that cannabis is the most popular psychotropic drug in US
anti-inflammatory by decreasing anti-oxidant activities and decreasing production of destructive-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing the induction of apoptosis and T-regulatory cells
marijuana has use in US has doubled in the past 2 decades
common psychological effects of long term use are psychosis, pulmonary disorders, and addiction/dependence
more commonly used in males
The study used 15 marijuana smokers, 15 cigarette smokes, 16 non-smokers with peridondtitis and 15 healthy non smokers
all male
trying to see if smokers had peridontitis more commonly than non-smokers and if the salivary glands were affected by smoking
people who smoked were more susceptible to peridontitis and had less healthy teeth
salivary glands were unaffected by smoking
smokers were daily smokers
Fatemeh Hosami, et al. “The Pro-Apoptosis Effects of Echinacea Purpurea and Cannabis Sativa Extracts in Human Lung Cancer Cells through Caspase-Dependent Pathway.” BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, vol. 21, no. 1, Jan. 2021, pp. 1–12. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03204-6.
cannabis sativa induces cell death in cancerous cells in the lungs
Aziz, Nimra, et al. “Supplementation of Cannabis Sativa L. Leaf Powder Accelerates Functional Recovery and Ameliorates Haemoglobin Level Following an Induced Injury to Sciatic Nerve in Mouse Model.” Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 32, no. 2 (Supplementary), Mar. 2019, pp. 785–792. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mnh&AN=31103973&site=eds-live&scope=site.
Study talks about peripheral nerve injury
PNI is caused by lacerations and road accidents and damages the normal functions of the motor and sensory neurons by causing demyelination
it can cause muscle atrophy
model uses male albino mice of similar weight and kept at similar temperatures and the nerves were damaged under anesthesia
several tests were performed: muscle grip strength and a hot plate test(just as bad as you think :( ),
Cannabis accelerates motory and sensory function recovery
Infortuna, Carmenrita, et al. “Affective Temperament Traits and Age-Predicted Recreational Cannabis Use in Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 13, July 2020. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3390/ijerph17134836.
medical students are using cannabis as a destressor
8.8% of medical students reported cannabis use
the driving factor of cannabis use in med students in unknown
from my point of view its because its a destressor and enjoyable
study associates temperament traits with substance abuse
side note: substance abuse is defined as: overindulgence in or dependence on an addictive substance, especially alcohol or drugs
this study associates all marijuana use as substance abuse
Kropp Lopez, Amalie K., et al. “Prescription Opioid Distribution after the Legalization of Recreational Marijuana in Colorado.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 9, May 2020. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3390/ijerph17093251.
Opioids
in 2011 there were 206 million prescriptions for opioids
one-seventh of opioid use is linked to obesity and obesity related conditions
states with medicaid had more opioid use
Marijuana
lower risk of addiction
virtually no threat of over dose
you may be hungry
Experiment is a look at data of areas that have legalized marijuana
compare opioid use before and after marijuana was legalized recreationally in Colorado, Utah, and Maryland
In Colorado the use of prescription opioids significantly declined
In Utah analgesic opioid use was unchanged
analgesic = pain relief related use
Use of pain-relieving opioid in Maryland also declined
study addresses that there were geographic limitations and the fact that illegal opioid use cannot be tracked
The legalization of marijuana has lead to the decline of analgesic opioid use across the U.S.
Bradford, A.C.; Bradford, W.D. Medical marijuana laws may be associated with a decline in the number of prescriptions for Medicaid enrollees. Health Aff. 2017, 36, 945–951. [CrossRef]
Bradford, A.C.; Bradford, W.D.; Abraham, A.; Adams, B.G. Association between US state medical cannabislaws and opioid prescribing in the Medicare Part D population. JAMA Int. Med. 2018, 178, 667–672[CrossRef].
Pizzorno, Joseph. “What Should We Tell Our Patients About Marijuana (Cannabis Indica and Cannabis Sativa)?” Integrative Medicine: A Clinician’s Journal, vol. 15, no. 6, Dec. 2016, pp. 8–12. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=121310978&site=eds-live&scope=site.
Teach patients to use marijuana responsibly and safely and help with intervention IF the patient requests it
Stasiłowicz, Anna, et al. “Cannabis Sativa L. as a Natural Drug Meeting the Criteria of a Multitarget Approach to Treatment.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 22, no. 2, Jan. 2021. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3390/ijms22020778.
cannabis is a chemically complex plant with hundreds if not thousands of different cannabis-related compounds
pharmacological applications
Glaucoma
reduces the intraocular pressure
IBS
relieves symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea and cramps
Schizophrenia
smoking cannabis can increase the risk of schizophrenia
THC causes psychotic effects
CBD causes anti-psychotic effects
Epilepsy
prevents seizures, including drug resistant seizures
Parkinson's disease
treats the motor issues, pain, and lack of sleep in patients
COVID 19
anti-inflammatory
Increasing appetite
my uncle was given THC pills in the 90's to increase his appetite
sclerosis multiplex
control pain and spasms
vomiting and nausea prevention
treats the feeling of nausea
suggested for chemotherapy patients to control nausea and vomiting
Personal Anecdote: Works really well to treat motion sickness, car sickness, and vertigo
pain
can be used for pain relief
personal anecdote: I have illiotibial tendonitis and bursitis in both of my hips. It has worked as the best pain relief options. I tried to cycle between very strong tylenol and ibuprofen and it was not helping. I tried marijuana to see if it would work and I had instant relief from the pain. It was so relieving I cried.
Cannabis can be used to treat a variety of symptoms but cannot be used to cure diseases
Recreational - ENJOYABLE AND NOT AS DANGEROUS AS ALCOHOL/OTHER DRUGS
Lovell, Monica E., et al. “Cognitive Outcomes Associated with Long-Term, Regular, Recreational Cannabis Use in Adults: A Meta-Analysis.” Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, vol. 28, no. 4, Aug. 2020, pp. 471–494. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1037/pha0000326.supp (Supplemental)
this paper is rigorous with screenings and potential biases
after long term use cannabis can very slightly impair learning. memory, cognition, and decision making
a long break of abstinence can cause judgement to be impaired
age does not matter
History - MARIJUANA IS AN ANCIENT AGRICULTURAL PLANT
“Chapter 2: The History of Marijuana.” Marijuana: Mind-Altering Weed, Jan. 2008, pp. 18–31. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n9h&AN=36430865&site=eds-live&scope=site.
Earliest recorded use is in China in 2737 BCE by emperor Shen-Nung. It was recommended to treat constipation, menstrual symptoms, rheumatism, gout, and ""absentmindedness". The hallucinogenic properties were acknowledged but were it was mainly used for its medical benefits.
I find it funny that it was used to treat absentmindedness when today people who use pot often are considered absentminded themselves.
Reached Europe in 500 BCE
Weedy hemp for tumors
cultivated hemp for coughs
Reached American in 1545, brought by the Spanish
Never really gained cultural use with the Native Americans as there were other plants already used
Marijuana was used in Jamestown for clothing fibers (1611)
Cotton replaced hemp in popularity for clothing fibers
Became popular for recreational use in the 1920's
Became popular because of prohibition
Marijuana is made illegal in the U.S. in 1937
said to have caused sterility
Its use is recorded in Muslim communities because it was not banned by the Quaran.
Mauseth, Kira B., et al. “Substance Use in Muslim Culture: Social and Generational Changes in Acceptance and Practice in Jordan.” Journal of Religion and Health, vol. 55, no. 4, Aug. 2016, pp. 1312–1325. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0064-z.
Today substance use in Muslim countries are banned and are seen as taboo, Substances are now compared to drinking alcohol, which is forbidden by the Quaran. Historically, however, Muslim countries smoked hashish, a derivative of cannabis sativa and cannabis indica. Many Muslim countries were the main exporters of hashish for a long time.
Now, with younger generations, Muslims are again using hashish and other substances with less social stigma, this academic journal specifically goes over substance use in Jordan.
Hadith - The prophet Mohammad's teachings. This is an important part of Islamic culture. This and the Quaran set loose regulations on ingesting drugs.
Since these texts are ancient, Muslims today have trouble with knowing if hard liquor and substances are allowed to be consumed or not
substance abuse is a huge issue in Islamic societies and the reason for this is thought to be the aftermath of Arab Spring and the westernization of younger Muslims through social media
Paper interviews 4 women and 2 men who worked as social workers for a rehab center
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It was used commonly in India for medicinal as well as religious purposes. It was used to ease pain and treat snakebites.
Textile - EVERY PART CAN BE USED
Skoglund, G., et al. “Viking and Early Middle Ages Northern Scandinavian Textiles Proven to Be Made with Hemp.” Scientific Reports, vol. 3, Oct. 2013, p. 2686. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1038/srep02686.
evidence suggests that vikings used hemp to make rough textiles but also possibly in fine tapestries
hemp pollen and seeds have been found as well as unidentified plant fiber
plant fiber from 780AD-1420AD are being scanned in this study
4 out of 10 of the fine textiles tested contained identifiable hemp
plant fiber does not age well like animal fur
Dimitrios BILALIS, et al. “Cannabis Sativa L.: A New Promising Crop for Medical and Industrial Use.” Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca: Horticulture, vol. 76, no. 2, Nov. 2019, pp. 145–150. EBSCOhost, doi:10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2019.0020.
cannabis is an oil-fiber plant
widely distributed all over the world
chemotype of cannabis
terpenes, carbohydrates, fatty acids, esters, amides, amines, phytoesterls, phenolic compounds, and cannabidoids
cannabidoids
cannabidoids come from the raw plant and some only synthesize after the plant is put through a combustion reaction (note the above example), also after drying different cannabidoids are produced
upper plant containes more CBD
CBD is therapeutic in use for cancer, diabetes, alzheimer's, epilespy, etc.
smelly smell comes from the terpenes
cannabis is legal medically in Greece
growing conditions in Greece are good for cannabis cultivation
medicinal grown in greenhouse
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industrial grown in fields but is sensitive to heavy metals and pH
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classified by THC content
3 types
intermediate (high in THC and CBD)
industrial (Low in THC and CBD)
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high in thc
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climate is important
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in 2017 the total area for cannabis cultivation in Europe was 19, 478 ha
Agriculture
Antigolena FOLINA, et al. “Evaluation of the Effect of Topping on Cannabidiol (CBD) Content in Two Industrial Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) Cultivars.” Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca: Horticulture, vol. 77, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 46–52. EBSCOhost, doi:10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2019.0021.
hemp is more environmentally friendly than cotton
3 types of hemp plants used
some groups were topped and some were not
untopped
taller
topped
topped plants were shorter but had broader leaves
more nodes
more dry matter
more CBD present
topping is beneficial
Renyuan Mi, et al. “Developing Production Guidelines for Baby Leaf Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) as an Edible Salad Green: Cultivar, Sowing Density and Seed Size.” Agriculture, vol. 10, no. 617, Dec. 2020, p. 617. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3390/agriculture10120617.
niche ingredient in salads
growers harvest baby leaves at the third true leaf
certain strains of hemp produce better baby hemp leaves
these strains are: picolo, ferimon, x-59, and katani
these grow the optimum amount of baby hemp leaves
hemp plants need optimum growth conditions to grow good baby hemp leaves
baby greens have more nutrition
Spice - A DANGEROUS ALTERNATIVE
Kambiz Soltaninejad. “Clinical and Forensic Toxicological Aspects of Synthetic Cannabinoids: A Review and Update.” Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology, vol. 9, no. 3, Sept. 2020, pp. 108–118. EBSCOhost, doi:10.22038/apjmt.2020.16748.
smoked just like marijuana
very dangerous
never buy pre-grounded weed
spice is a synthetic THC drug that causes many negative affects such as agitation, sedation, cognitive deficits, memory loss, hallucinations, severe psychosis, seizures, hypertension, arrhythmia, rhabdomyolysis, and death
Personal anecdote
My dad is a psychiatrist, he had a patient that purchased pre-ground weed and smoked it. She is now in a state of psychosis. Buying weed pre-ground allows dealers to mix in more dangerous substances such as PCP and K2 or spice. When one thinks of people acting crazy on weed they have likely smoked spice instead.
