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Respiration - Coggle Diagram
Respiration
Types
Aerobic
Uses Oxygen
Animals & Plants
Called strict aerobes or obligate
terminal electron acceptor
product is water
non-toxic
glycolysis
citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
produces
ubiquinone
cytochrome oxidase
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aka: Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle
produces
acetyl
acetyl CoA
produces
ATP
NADH
NAD+
occurs
cytosol and plastids
Anaerobic
Without Oxygen
Called Fermentaion
some bacteria
called obligate anaerobes
can be killed by oxygen
glycolysis
Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway
substrate-level phosphorylation
removes energy
Ancient
Facultatively aerobic
oxygen
aerobic
no oxygen
anaerobic
who survives
indefinitely
fungi
same as plant
short time
some plant tissue
pyruvate
acetaldehyde
ethanol
some animal tissue
electron receptor = pyruvate
forms lactate
anion lactic acid
Heat-Generating Respiration
Energy Lost
Compost piles
Temp regulation in mammals
Smell/melting plants
thermogenic respiration
unknown
both plants and animals die if CN-, N3-, or CO if not capable of anaerobic respiration
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
several intermediates
begins w/ glucos-6-phosphate
Respiration of Lipids
undergo catabolic metabolism
beta-oxidation
Photorespiration
RuBP carboxylase adds O instead of CO2
no conservation of ATP or NADH
all energy wasted
Fermentation
anaerobic respiration
yeast
produces ethanol
heat concentrates alcohol%
Beer
ferments starchy cereal grains
Barley
dried barley called malt
part must be converted to glucose
done by moistening
heated to 68-73 degrees C
drained
yeast ferments for 1-12 days
large beers
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light beers
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sake
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hops are dried carpellate
related to cannabis
Wine
fermented fruit juice
grapes
ripe grapes have enough glucose
vats release CO2 keep out O2
aged 12-18 months some 5 years
champagnes
add sugar
fortified wine
add ethanol
Spirits
ethanol content above 20%
toxic to yeast
distillation
boil
vapors carried away
grain based distillation = whiskey, vodka, or gin
distillation of grape wine=brandy
distillation of fermented molasses=rum
distillation of agave = tequila
steamed or roasted to breakdown insulin
Environmental and Internal Factors
Temperature
greatly influences respiration
Lack of O2
plants lower O2 levels than animals
less O2 = hypoxia
no O2 = anoxia
Internal Regulation
metabolic regulation
Different in plants and animals
Energy Yield
glycolysis
4 ATP synthesized
1/2 used to initiate process
aerobic respiration can yield up to 38 ATP
Fatty acid respiration ATP production depends on length of fatty acid
max 40% total energy
Respiratory Quotient
gulcose
RQ=1.0
acids
RQ>1.0
fatty-acids
RQ about 0.7
Prokaryotes
basic reactions
compounds are organic
sugar
fats
amino acids
lithotrophs
metabolize inorganic compounds
H, S, Fe, N
Electron Donors
environments must absorb acid
stay dilute
Electron Acceptors
Nitrate = most common
Fungal Respiration
fermentation
beer/wine
aerobic
yeast
bread rise