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TESTO 3 CONVERSATION ANALYSIS - Coggle Diagram
TESTO 3
CONVERSATION ANALYSIS
Main properties of CA
The CA
works on naturally occurring data
(rather than experimental ones) because it
considers conversation as a situated event
, thus giving precedence to local context over external (sociological) factors.
Conversation analysis works on
transcripts of recorded interactions
, because it is interested in identifying details and subtleties of interaction in as objective a
way as possible
.
The purpose of Conversation analysis
is not to find out why people act as they do in conversation, but how they do it
Basic principles
The conversation involves the
production of the participants of utterances
.
Expressions are used
to perform word acts
(i.e. communicative and social actions).
The expressions, that is the contributions of the participants to speak,
form sequences of interconnected actions (talk-in-interaction)
.
A position of utterance within a sequence determines how it is interpreted
(sequence principle: the meaning and design of each utterance depend on the surrounding discourse, e.g. preceding and succeeding).
The minimal conversational sequence is the adjacency pair
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The conversation is
structured and organized around principles and rules
. Proof of this is that participants
generally speak one at a time, and when overlaps occur they are usually resolved
. The most important set of organizational principles is that which regulates the execution of shifts by interlocutors (shift system).
Shifts are constructed with any of the four units: 1.
Single lexical entries
(e.g., "yes", "Maria", "twelve"). 2.
A sentence
, for example utterances which do not constitute a sentence or which have neither subject nor predicate (e.g. "in the garage", "with the head");
3.
A clause
, e.g. a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate (e.g. "I will do it", "You can come tomorrow"). 4.
A full sentence, consisting of multiple clauses
("We will turn on the TV when we finish the tasks", "Joe is going to the United States because he is in an exchange program").
Participants can anticipate where a
particular turn might possibly be complete
. This place where a potential transition from
one speaker to another might occur is the TRP (Transition relevance place)
.
To do this, participants resort to cues: such as
the end of a syntactic unit of language
; a change in the tone or volume of the voice; a momentary silence a kind of body language (for example, changes in gaze, changes in posture, interactive hand/arm gestures, etc.)
There are three techniques by which participants determine who gets the next round in a TRP:
The current speaker selects the next speaker
(by name or through body language);
The next speaker chooses itself
(if the current speaker does not select the next speaker);
The current speaker continues to speak
(if previous techniques are not used)
The consequences of the Turn Taking system are as follows:
Turn taking provides an Intrinsic motivation for attentive listening. During the current turn anyone can be selected by the speaker to be next
.
Participants who are Willing to speak if selected or do not want to be "
caught napping
" must monitor the course of the current turn to discover whether they have been selected.
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