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CASE SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - functioned only as the subject of the verb and as a mode of address i.e. as a vocative
    - - deriving from the Latin accusative
      - The oblique therefore was an ‘unmarked’ form indicating no particular function, whereas the nominative was a ‘special’ or ‘marked’ form indicating specific functions
      - After all prepositions
        
        As the direct object
        
        Occasionally as indirect object
        
        With certain nouns, especially personal names, titles and nouns relating to family relations
        
        In numerous adverbial functions
        
        In exclamations
    - - Phoemic factors blurred distinctions; e.g. the loss of final -m and of the distinction between ā and ɑ̌ meant that portɑ̌, portam and porta all became porta
      - growing tendency to use prepositions e.g. de ‘from’ instead of the genitive and ad (to) instead of the dative
  - - - 'Li rois apele un escuier’ but also ‘Cest parole dist li rois’
      - Vindrent a Chales, ki France ad en baille (Chanson de Roland, VO)