Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Energy Metabolism: Respiration, Beta- Oxidation, NADH + H, Catabolism…
Energy Metabolism: Respiration
Types of respiration
Pentose phosphate pathway
Glucose is converted into ribose or erythrose
Responsible for the production of ribose-5 -phosphate
Can be used to produce glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Respiration of lipids
Lipids under go catabolic metabolism, they are then broken down into glycerol & three fatty acids
Fatty acids are then broken down into two-carbon units, a process called:
beta-oxidation
Triglyceride
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Acetyl CoA
Citric acid cycle
Carbohydrataes
Aerobic respiration
Uses oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor
Requires oxygen
The three stages
:
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
The electron transport system
Electrons are passed from one molecule to anther & energy is released in these electron transfers
Carbon is released from 3-carbon molecule, 2 carbon is completely oxidized
Enzymes partially oxidize glucose, producing 2 pyruvate & 2 ATP & 2 NADH
Photorespiration :
Oxidation of phosphoglycolate produced when RuBP carboxylase adds oxygen.
Only
occurs when RuBP carboxylase adds oxygen rather than carbon dioxide
Anaerobic respiration
Uses substances
other than oxygen
as ultimate electron acceptor
More common term: fermentation
Glucose is broken down during anaerobic respiration by metabolic pathway called glycolysis
Alternative electron acceptor must be used
Heat- generation respiration
Also called Thermogenic respiration & Cyanide - resistant respiration
Electron transport is uncoupled from ATP synthesis so heat is generated.
The break down complex carbon compounds into simpler molecules. Part of their energy is used to make ATP
Environmental & internal factors
Environmental factors influence the rate of respiration.
Temperature
Temperature of 10°C in the range between 5°C & 25°C doubles respiration rate.
Below 5°C respiration decreases greatly
Above 30°C respiration still increases, but not so rapidly
Above 40°C respiration slows greatly because of enzyme damage
In winter the sun warms trees enough for metabolism to occur; respiration rates are low but it provides enough energy for critical metabolic reactions
Internal regulation
Is a protein that reacts to change within a cell
A normal cell will not enter mitosis until its entire DNA has been replicated
Lack of oxygen
Plants can have as little to 1% & 2% oxygen concentrations and still maintain full rates of respiration
In daylight hours chlorophyllous tissues produce oxygen; at night no oxygen is produced but can diffuse into large intercellular spaces
Oxygen availability is much more variable for roots in well drained soil.
After hard a rain Anaerobic respiration allows roots to survive for a short amount of time, if flooding contiunues the species will die
Terms
Anoxia - Oxygen available
Hypoxia - No oxygen available
Fermentation of alcoholic beverages
The ethanol of alcoholic beverages is always produced by fermentation of glucose by yeasts
Wine
S. cerevisiae is added to the grape juice that was harvested
The chemical resveratrol is produced when yeasts attack the grape skins
Wine fermentation vats have valves that allow carbon dioxide to escape but no oxygen to enter
After 8 to 10 days the grape skins are removed and the liquid fermens for up to one month
Dead yeast cells settle to the bottom of the tank and, the wine then must be drawn out without disturbing the sediment
Aerobic
Beer
Starch must be converted to glucose
Embryo secrete enzymes that break down starch
Barley converts to more sugar
The grains are dried tp prevent further enzymatic reactions
Malt is mixed with water in large vat
All ingredients are in the mash it is warmed and allowed to sit while there are still various enzymes are active
Wort is boiled to inactive enzymes amd kill any microbes
1 more item...
Anaerobic
Sugars can be fermented immediately, starches and seeds must be depolymerized to gulcose first
Ethanol produced by fermentation kills yeast if it builds up to conservation of 14% to 18%
Process of fermentations
Alcoholic fermentation
Beta- Oxidation
NADH + H
Catabolism further respiration
Anabolism